Slide
Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
1.
Parent, G.; Bilodeau, M. -P.; Laurier, C.; Guay, J. -P.
Clinical Overrides With the YLS/CMI: Predictive Validity and Associated Factors Journal Article
In: Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 101–117, 2023, ISSN: 00938548 (ISSN), (Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: clinical override, predictive validity, recidivism, YLS/CMI
@article{parent_clinical_2023,
title = {Clinical Overrides With the YLS/CMI: Predictive Validity and Associated Factors},
author = {G. Parent and M. -P. Bilodeau and C. Laurier and J. -P. Guay},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141601946&doi=10.1177%2f00938548221131958&partnerID=40&md5=9d6df82a707431978a485895b313621e},
doi = {10.1177/00938548221131958},
issn = {00938548 (ISSN)},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Criminal Justice and Behavior},
volume = {50},
number = {1},
pages = {101–117},
abstract = {This study explores the use of clinical override with the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI), including implications for predictive validity as well as the factors associated with this practice. The sample included 597 justice-involved youth from a metropolitan region in Québec, Canada. The clinical override was used in 32.5% of cases, usually to increase risk levels (30.3% of cases). As found in previous studies, clinical override did not increase the predictive validity of the YLS/CMI. Upward and downward clinical overrides were differently linked to the sociodemographic characteristics and criminal history of the youths in the sample. Criminal History, Peer Relations, Personality/Behavior, and Attitudes/Orientation risk/need domains were positively associated with upward override while Family Circumstances/Parenting, Personality/Behavior, and Attitudes/Orientation risk/need domains were negatively associated with downward override. These results are discussed in relation to the impact clinical override can have on the case management and interventions provided to justice-involved youth. © 2022 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.},
keywords = {clinical override, predictive validity, recidivism, YLS/CMI},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study explores the use of clinical override with the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI), including implications for predictive validity as well as the factors associated with this practice. The sample included 597 justice-involved youth from a metropolitan region in Québec, Canada. The clinical override was used in 32.5% of cases, usually to increase risk levels (30.3% of cases). As found in previous studies, clinical override did not increase the predictive validity of the YLS/CMI. Upward and downward clinical overrides were differently linked to the sociodemographic characteristics and criminal history of the youths in the sample. Criminal History, Peer Relations, Personality/Behavior, and Attitudes/Orientation risk/need domains were positively associated with upward override while Family Circumstances/Parenting, Personality/Behavior, and Attitudes/Orientation risk/need domains were negatively associated with downward override. These results are discussed in relation to the impact clinical override can have on the case management and interventions provided to justice-involved youth. © 2022 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.
2.
Guay, J. -P.; Parent, G.; Benbouriche, M.
In: Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 1468–1486, 2020, ISSN: 00938548 (ISSN), (Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: LS/CMI, moderation analysis, protective factors, recidivism, risk assessment
@article{guay_disentangling_2020,
title = {Disentangling Promotive and Buffering Protection: Exploring the Interface Between Risk and Protective Factors in Recidivism of Adult Convicted Males},
author = {J. -P. Guay and G. Parent and M. Benbouriche},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088814931&doi=10.1177%2f0093854820945745&partnerID=40&md5=b8bf490e7396f8e49e17e337bd658a86},
doi = {10.1177/0093854820945745},
issn = {00938548 (ISSN)},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Criminal Justice and Behavior},
volume = {47},
number = {11},
pages = {1468–1486},
abstract = {The quality of risk assessment instruments has improved greatly during the last 40 years. While assessing protective factors has become common practice, with some instruments now devoted entirely to such assessments, little is known about the effect of risk and protective factors on recidivism. The present study investigates the effects (promotive or buffering protective) of protective factors captured by the LS/CMI for a sample of 18,031 convicted adult males under the supervision of provincial services in Canada. Effects of protective factors and possible interactions between risk and protective factors were investigated using moderation analyses. Results indicate that protective factors can be both promotive and buffering protective for risk and that the benefits of protective factors are related to the risk to which people are exposed. Patterns of protective effects appear to differ for general and violent recidivism. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. © 2020 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.},
keywords = {LS/CMI, moderation analysis, protective factors, recidivism, risk assessment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The quality of risk assessment instruments has improved greatly during the last 40 years. While assessing protective factors has become common practice, with some instruments now devoted entirely to such assessments, little is known about the effect of risk and protective factors on recidivism. The present study investigates the effects (promotive or buffering protective) of protective factors captured by the LS/CMI for a sample of 18,031 convicted adult males under the supervision of provincial services in Canada. Effects of protective factors and possible interactions between risk and protective factors were investigated using moderation analyses. Results indicate that protective factors can be both promotive and buffering protective for risk and that the benefits of protective factors are related to the risk to which people are exposed. Patterns of protective effects appear to differ for general and violent recidivism. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. © 2020 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.
3.
Guay, J. -P.; Parent, G.
Broken Legs, Clinical Overrides, and Recidivism Risk: An Analysis of Decisions to Adjust Risk Levels With the LS/CMI Journal Article
In: Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 82–100, 2018, ISSN: 00938548 (ISSN), (Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: clinical override, LS/CMI, recidivism, risk assessment
@article{guay_broken_2018,
title = {Broken Legs, Clinical Overrides, and Recidivism Risk: An Analysis of Decisions to Adjust Risk Levels With the LS/CMI},
author = {J. -P. Guay and G. Parent},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038420788&doi=10.1177%2f0093854817719482&partnerID=40&md5=44505c37562130bf454636728569fac0},
doi = {10.1177/0093854817719482},
issn = {00938548 (ISSN)},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Criminal Justice and Behavior},
volume = {45},
number = {1},
pages = {82–100},
abstract = {Risk assessment practices have evolved considerably over the past three decades. Structured assessments of recidivism risk allow for the proper identification of criminogenic needs, which in turn, allow decision makers to make informed recommendations regarding criminal justice interventions and measures. Although actuarial assessments are common practice, situations exist where evaluators may call into doubt the risk assessment’s conclusions, and may exercise their discretionary professional judgment to adjust the risk rating. Despite being common practice, clinical overrides have been the subject of very little empirical work. The aim of the current study is to examine the impact of clinical overrides on a large sample of individuals (N = 3,646) who were assessed using the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI). Findings demonstrate that upward overrides produce different results than downward overrides. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed. © 2017, © 2017 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.},
keywords = {clinical override, LS/CMI, recidivism, risk assessment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Risk assessment practices have evolved considerably over the past three decades. Structured assessments of recidivism risk allow for the proper identification of criminogenic needs, which in turn, allow decision makers to make informed recommendations regarding criminal justice interventions and measures. Although actuarial assessments are common practice, situations exist where evaluators may call into doubt the risk assessment’s conclusions, and may exercise their discretionary professional judgment to adjust the risk rating. Despite being common practice, clinical overrides have been the subject of very little empirical work. The aim of the current study is to examine the impact of clinical overrides on a large sample of individuals (N = 3,646) who were assessed using the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI). Findings demonstrate that upward overrides produce different results than downward overrides. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed. © 2017, © 2017 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.
4.
Parent, G.; Jetté, M.; Guay, J. -P.; Knight, R. A.
The effect of age on sexual recidivism: A complex relationship Journal Article
In: Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique et Scientifique, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 147–162, 2016, ISSN: 14244683 (ISSN), (Publisher: Polymedia Meichtry SA).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: actuarial instruments, age, recidivism, sex offenders
@article{parent_effect_2016,
title = {The effect of age on sexual recidivism: A complex relationship},
author = {G. Parent and M. Jetté and J. -P. Guay and R. A. Knight},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020905956&partnerID=40&md5=096e779b8fb69b36fb34226ff5f87667},
issn = {14244683 (ISSN)},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique et Scientifique},
volume = {69},
number = {2},
pages = {147–162},
abstract = {While aging is supposed to reduce the risk of recidivism among sex offenders, the risk level measured by an instrument should rather increase with age. This study aims to evaluate the impact of age at release on sexual recidivism rates and the predictive validity of six instruments (VRAG, SORAG, RRASOR, Static-99, Static -2002 and MnSOST-R) for 372 sex offenders divided in three sub-groups (child molesters, rapists and mixed offenders). In general, the results indicate that the relationship between age and recidivism present a quadratic form with increased rates of recidivism among young offenders, followed by a plateau and a decrease from the mid-forties. However, this relationship varies depending on the type of sex offenders. The average scores for the instruments decrease gradually as the offenders would advance in age, while the predictive validity of these tools is not influenced by the offenders’ age. However, after an adjustment of the instruments scores depending on the offenders types, the results suggest that the instruments are slightly better for older offenders. © 2016, Polymedia Meichtry SA. All rights reserved.},
note = {Publisher: Polymedia Meichtry SA},
keywords = {actuarial instruments, age, recidivism, sex offenders},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While aging is supposed to reduce the risk of recidivism among sex offenders, the risk level measured by an instrument should rather increase with age. This study aims to evaluate the impact of age at release on sexual recidivism rates and the predictive validity of six instruments (VRAG, SORAG, RRASOR, Static-99, Static -2002 and MnSOST-R) for 372 sex offenders divided in three sub-groups (child molesters, rapists and mixed offenders). In general, the results indicate that the relationship between age and recidivism present a quadratic form with increased rates of recidivism among young offenders, followed by a plateau and a decrease from the mid-forties. However, this relationship varies depending on the type of sex offenders. The average scores for the instruments decrease gradually as the offenders would advance in age, while the predictive validity of these tools is not influenced by the offenders’ age. However, after an adjustment of the instruments scores depending on the offenders types, the results suggest that the instruments are slightly better for older offenders. © 2016, Polymedia Meichtry SA. All rights reserved.
5.
Guay, J. -P.; Benbouriche, M.; Parent, G.
In: Pratiques Psychologiques, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 235–257, 2015, ISSN: 12691763 (ISSN), (Publisher: Elsevier Masson s.r.l.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: assessment, Best practices, recidivism, risk assessment
@article{guay_assessing_2015,
title = {Assessing risk of reoffending using structured assessment:Practical and methodological issues [L'valuation structure'e du risque de re'cidive des personnes place'es sous main de justice: me'thodes et enjeux]},
author = {J. -P. Guay and M. Benbouriche and G. Parent},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940447363&doi=10.1016%2fj.prps.2015.05.005&partnerID=40&md5=f19c3a58225ab86a1c1f6a98af12cd91},
doi = {10.1016/j.prps.2015.05.005},
issn = {12691763 (ISSN)},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Pratiques Psychologiques},
volume = {21},
number = {3},
pages = {235–257},
abstract = {Although the prevention of recidivism in France is currently undergoing numerous transformations, the evaluation of the risk of recidivism of individuals under the justice system is a major issue. The absence of structure and standardization in current evaluation procedures raises doubts regarding their validity and underlines the necessity to determine evaluation methods that are clinically and scientifically validated. The professionals and their administration would benefit largely from a range of strategies that would aid in executing the most just, transparent and coherent evaluation possible. This article will trace the evolution of the evaluation of the risk of recidivism, the principal strategies and methods, the most common risk factor families used, as well as illustrations of two typical strategies of evolution of the risk of recidivism; integrated evaluation with the LS/CMI and evaluation based on structured professional judgment guided by the HCR-20. © 2015 Socie'te' francąise de psychologie.},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier Masson s.r.l.},
keywords = {assessment, Best practices, recidivism, risk assessment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Although the prevention of recidivism in France is currently undergoing numerous transformations, the evaluation of the risk of recidivism of individuals under the justice system is a major issue. The absence of structure and standardization in current evaluation procedures raises doubts regarding their validity and underlines the necessity to determine evaluation methods that are clinically and scientifically validated. The professionals and their administration would benefit largely from a range of strategies that would aid in executing the most just, transparent and coherent evaluation possible. This article will trace the evolution of the evaluation of the risk of recidivism, the principal strategies and methods, the most common risk factor families used, as well as illustrations of two typical strategies of evolution of the risk of recidivism; integrated evaluation with the LS/CMI and evaluation based on structured professional judgment guided by the HCR-20. © 2015 Socie'te' francąise de psychologie.
6.
Parent, G.; Guay, J. -P.; Knight, R. A.
Can We Do Better?: The Assessment of Risk of Recidivism by Adult Sex Offenders Journal Article
In: Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1647–1667, 2012, ISSN: 00938548 (ISSN), (Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: classification tree, recidivism, sex offenders
@article{parent_can_2012,
title = {Can We Do Better?: The Assessment of Risk of Recidivism by Adult Sex Offenders},
author = {G. Parent and J. -P. Guay and R. A. Knight},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868701069&doi=10.1177%2f0093854812451680&partnerID=40&md5=c226fe32de8782bb30bf82df297aef8b},
doi = {10.1177/0093854812451680},
issn = {00938548 (ISSN)},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Criminal Justice and Behavior},
volume = {39},
number = {12},
pages = {1647–1667},
abstract = {Clinicians have at their disposal a variety of instruments with which to evaluate the risk presented by sex offenders. These measures yield similar predictive potency, and combining them does not appear to enhance prediction. The present study examined whether classification and regression tree analysis could identify new combinations of predictors that would improve predictive validity. Items from seven actuarial instruments were used to construct classification trees. Overall, classification trees achieved slightly higher predictive accuracy than did actuarial instruments. In addition, these analyses highlight the heterogeneity among sex offenders. Despite this improvement, one should consider the incorporation of other predictors into the instruments-including dynamic factors, protective factors, and measures with strong theoretical justification. © 2012 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.},
keywords = {classification tree, recidivism, sex offenders},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Clinicians have at their disposal a variety of instruments with which to evaluate the risk presented by sex offenders. These measures yield similar predictive potency, and combining them does not appear to enhance prediction. The present study examined whether classification and regression tree analysis could identify new combinations of predictors that would improve predictive validity. Items from seven actuarial instruments were used to construct classification trees. Overall, classification trees achieved slightly higher predictive accuracy than did actuarial instruments. In addition, these analyses highlight the heterogeneity among sex offenders. Despite this improvement, one should consider the incorporation of other predictors into the instruments-including dynamic factors, protective factors, and measures with strong theoretical justification. © 2012 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.
7.
Parent, G.; Guay, J. -P.; Knight, R. A.
An assessment of long-term risk of recidivism by adult sex offenders: One size doesn't fit all Journal Article
In: Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 188–209, 2011, ISSN: 15523594 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: actuarial instruments, long term, recidivism, Sexual offenders
@article{parent_assessment_2011,
title = {An assessment of long-term risk of recidivism by adult sex offenders: One size doesn't fit all},
author = {G. Parent and J. -P. Guay and R. A. Knight},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650978843&doi=10.1177%2f0093854810388238&partnerID=40&md5=b7135ade0caf63027cd811913c86c21a},
doi = {10.1177/0093854810388238},
issn = {15523594 (ISSN)},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Criminal Justice and Behavior},
volume = {38},
number = {2},
pages = {188–209},
abstract = {Numerous instruments are available to clinicians for evaluating sex offenders' reoffense risk. Although they have demonstrated effectiveness in predicting recidivism significantly better than unstructured clinical evaluation, little is known about their predictive accuracy in subgroups of sexual offenders or in the long term. This study was undertaken to evaluate the predictive accuracy of nine instruments (VRAG, SORAG, RRASOR, Static-99, Static-2002, RM2000, MnSOST-R, SVR-20, PCL-R) among three groups of sexual offenders across a 15-year follow-up period. The results indicate that these instruments yielded marginal to modest predictive accuracy for sexual recidivism. A more detailed study of aggressor subgroups indicated that in both the short and the long term, these instruments were more effective at predicting the sexual recidivism of child molesters and the violent and nonviolent recidivism of rapists. Finally, although mixed offenders sexually reoffend more often and more rapidly than do rapists or child molesters, firm conclusions cannot be drawn because of the small number of mixed offenders in the sample. © 2011 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.},
keywords = {actuarial instruments, long term, recidivism, Sexual offenders},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Numerous instruments are available to clinicians for evaluating sex offenders' reoffense risk. Although they have demonstrated effectiveness in predicting recidivism significantly better than unstructured clinical evaluation, little is known about their predictive accuracy in subgroups of sexual offenders or in the long term. This study was undertaken to evaluate the predictive accuracy of nine instruments (VRAG, SORAG, RRASOR, Static-99, Static-2002, RM2000, MnSOST-R, SVR-20, PCL-R) among three groups of sexual offenders across a 15-year follow-up period. The results indicate that these instruments yielded marginal to modest predictive accuracy for sexual recidivism. A more detailed study of aggressor subgroups indicated that in both the short and the long term, these instruments were more effective at predicting the sexual recidivism of child molesters and the violent and nonviolent recidivism of rapists. Finally, although mixed offenders sexually reoffend more often and more rapidly than do rapists or child molesters, firm conclusions cannot be drawn because of the small number of mixed offenders in the sample. © 2011 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.