Slide
Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
1.
Jaberi, M.; Falk, T. H.
A Literature Survey on Potential Private User Information Leakage in Metaverse Applications Journal Article
In: Advanced Intelligent Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, 2026, ISSN: 26404567 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: age, augmented reality, Brain, brain computer interface, Computer privacy, Data privacy, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Gender, Haptic interfaces, Information leakage, Intelligent systems, Literature survey, metaverse, Metaverses, Neurophysiological signal, neurophysiological signals, Neurophysiology, Privacy, Private user information, Race, Signal analysis, User information, Virtual and augmented reality
@article{jaberiLiteratureSurveyPotential2026,
title = {A Literature Survey on Potential Private User Information Leakage in Metaverse Applications},
author = {M. Jaberi and T. H. Falk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105012929167?origin=resultslist},
doi = {10.1002/aisy.202500263},
issn = {26404567 (ISSN)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-01-01},
journal = {Advanced Intelligent Systems},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},
abstract = {The Metaverse is revolutionizing various fields, including healthcare, education, social interaction, and the workplace. Commercial multisensory devices (e.g., smell diffusion and haptic technologies) are available, and virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) headsets are increasingly integrated with brain–computer interfaces (BCI). These integrations enable adaptive, personalized virtual immersive experiences that are more engaging, interactive, and effective. As these applications become mainstream, concerns arise regarding the security and privacy of personal information. Recent studies demonstrate that users can be identified with high accuracy using the data monitored from sensors available in VR/AR headsets. This literature survey investigates the types of personal user information that can be inferred from BCI-instrumented headsets. In particular, it focuses on predicting age, gender, and ethnic/racial background from neurophysiological signals currently monitored by commercial devices. The survey highlights the predictive strength of electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram signal modalities, followed by eye tracking and iris scanning. It also considers future privacy risks posed by biometric and gesture-based monitoring using non-contact technologies such as computer vision and WiFi signal analysis. The survey concludes with recommendations for future research aimed at contributing to the development of robust frameworks that safeguard user privacy in the evolving Metaverse landscape. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Intelligent Systems published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.},
keywords = {age, augmented reality, Brain, brain computer interface, Computer privacy, Data privacy, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Gender, Haptic interfaces, Information leakage, Intelligent systems, Literature survey, metaverse, Metaverses, Neurophysiological signal, neurophysiological signals, Neurophysiology, Privacy, Private user information, Race, Signal analysis, User information, Virtual and augmented reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Metaverse is revolutionizing various fields, including healthcare, education, social interaction, and the workplace. Commercial multisensory devices (e.g., smell diffusion and haptic technologies) are available, and virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) headsets are increasingly integrated with brain–computer interfaces (BCI). These integrations enable adaptive, personalized virtual immersive experiences that are more engaging, interactive, and effective. As these applications become mainstream, concerns arise regarding the security and privacy of personal information. Recent studies demonstrate that users can be identified with high accuracy using the data monitored from sensors available in VR/AR headsets. This literature survey investigates the types of personal user information that can be inferred from BCI-instrumented headsets. In particular, it focuses on predicting age, gender, and ethnic/racial background from neurophysiological signals currently monitored by commercial devices. The survey highlights the predictive strength of electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram signal modalities, followed by eye tracking and iris scanning. It also considers future privacy risks posed by biometric and gesture-based monitoring using non-contact technologies such as computer vision and WiFi signal analysis. The survey concludes with recommendations for future research aimed at contributing to the development of robust frameworks that safeguard user privacy in the evolving Metaverse landscape. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Intelligent Systems published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
2.
Parent, G.; Jetté, M.; Guay, J. -P.; Knight, R. A.
The effect of age on sexual recidivism: A complex relationship Journal Article
In: Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique et Scientifique, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 147–162, 2016, ISSN: 14244683 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: actuarial instruments, age, recidivism, sex offenders
@article{parentEffectAgeSexual2016a,
title = {The effect of age on sexual recidivism: A complex relationship},
author = {G. Parent and M. Jetté and J. -P. Guay and R. A. Knight},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020905956&partnerID=40&md5=096e779b8fb69b36fb34226ff5f87667},
issn = {14244683 (ISSN)},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique et Scientifique},
volume = {69},
number = {2},
pages = {147–162},
publisher = {Polymedia Meichtry SA},
abstract = {While aging is supposed to reduce the risk of recidivism among sex offenders, the risk level measured by an instrument should rather increase with age. This study aims to evaluate the impact of age at release on sexual recidivism rates and the predictive validity of six instruments (VRAG, SORAG, RRASOR, Static-99, Static -2002 and MnSOST-R) for 372 sex offenders divided in three sub-groups (child molesters, rapists and mixed offenders). In general, the results indicate that the relationship between age and recidivism present a quadratic form with increased rates of recidivism among young offenders, followed by a plateau and a decrease from the mid-forties. However, this relationship varies depending on the type of sex offenders. The average scores for the instruments decrease gradually as the offenders would advance in age, while the predictive validity of these tools is not influenced by the offenders’ age. However, after an adjustment of the instruments scores depending on the offenders types, the results suggest that the instruments are slightly better for older offenders. © 2016, Polymedia Meichtry SA. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {actuarial instruments, age, recidivism, sex offenders},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While aging is supposed to reduce the risk of recidivism among sex offenders, the risk level measured by an instrument should rather increase with age. This study aims to evaluate the impact of age at release on sexual recidivism rates and the predictive validity of six instruments (VRAG, SORAG, RRASOR, Static-99, Static -2002 and MnSOST-R) for 372 sex offenders divided in three sub-groups (child molesters, rapists and mixed offenders). In general, the results indicate that the relationship between age and recidivism present a quadratic form with increased rates of recidivism among young offenders, followed by a plateau and a decrease from the mid-forties. However, this relationship varies depending on the type of sex offenders. The average scores for the instruments decrease gradually as the offenders would advance in age, while the predictive validity of these tools is not influenced by the offenders’ age. However, after an adjustment of the instruments scores depending on the offenders types, the results suggest that the instruments are slightly better for older offenders. © 2016, Polymedia Meichtry SA. All rights reserved.
3.
Bouchard, S.; Dumoulin, S.; Michaud, M.; Gougeon, V.
Telepresence experienced in videoconference varies according to emotions involved in videoconference sessions Journal Article
In: Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 104–107, 2011, ISSN: 15548716.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, age, Age Factors, article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, emotion, Emotions, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, mental task, Middle Aged, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, Sex Factors, task performance, Telemedicine, telepresence, Verbal Behavior, videoconferencing
@article{bouchard_telepresence_2011,
title = {Telepresence experienced in videoconference varies according to emotions involved in videoconference sessions},
author = {S. Bouchard and S. Dumoulin and M. Michaud and V. Gougeon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83455200034&partnerID=40&md5=46d035fda13fc7d2b32c6b08341505a6},
issn = {15548716},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {104–107},
abstract = {Previous studies have linked telepresence to the strength of the therapeutic relationship experienced during telepsychotherapy. This finding comes as a surprise for many people who have been involved in a teleconference meeting, where telepresence is often considered weak. The aim of this study is to (re)evaluate the impact of emotional engagement on telepresence. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (a) emotionally charged verbal exchange first (followed by a more neutral verbal exchange), or (b) emotionally neutral verbal exchange first (followed by an emotionally charged verbal exchange). A distraction task was performed between the two verbal exchanges in videofoncerence. Results showed that verbal exchanges involving stronger emotions increase telepresence. These results may explain why telepresence is so high in telepsychotherapy.},
keywords = {adult, age, Age Factors, article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, emotion, Emotions, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, mental task, Middle Aged, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, Sex Factors, task performance, Telemedicine, telepresence, Verbal Behavior, videoconferencing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Previous studies have linked telepresence to the strength of the therapeutic relationship experienced during telepsychotherapy. This finding comes as a surprise for many people who have been involved in a teleconference meeting, where telepresence is often considered weak. The aim of this study is to (re)evaluate the impact of emotional engagement on telepresence. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (a) emotionally charged verbal exchange first (followed by a more neutral verbal exchange), or (b) emotionally neutral verbal exchange first (followed by an emotionally charged verbal exchange). A distraction task was performed between the two verbal exchanges in videofoncerence. Results showed that verbal exchanges involving stronger emotions increase telepresence. These results may explain why telepresence is so high in telepsychotherapy.
4.
Bouchard, S.; Dumoulin, S.; Michaud, M.; Gougeon, V.
Telepresence experienced in videoconference varies according to emotions involved in videoconference sessions Journal Article
In: Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 104–107, 2011, ISSN: 15548716.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, age, Age Factors, article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, emotion, Emotions, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, mental task, Middle Aged, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, Sex Factors, task performance, Telemedicine, telepresence, Verbal Behavior, videoconferencing
@article{bouchardTelepresenceExperiencedVideoconference2011,
title = {Telepresence experienced in videoconference varies according to emotions involved in videoconference sessions},
author = {S. Bouchard and S. Dumoulin and M. Michaud and V. Gougeon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83455200034&partnerID=40&md5=46d035fda13fc7d2b32c6b08341505a6},
issn = {15548716},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {104–107},
abstract = {Previous studies have linked telepresence to the strength of the therapeutic relationship experienced during telepsychotherapy. This finding comes as a surprise for many people who have been involved in a teleconference meeting, where telepresence is often considered weak. The aim of this study is to (re)evaluate the impact of emotional engagement on telepresence. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (a) emotionally charged verbal exchange first (followed by a more neutral verbal exchange), or (b) emotionally neutral verbal exchange first (followed by an emotionally charged verbal exchange). A distraction task was performed between the two verbal exchanges in videofoncerence. Results showed that verbal exchanges involving stronger emotions increase telepresence. These results may explain why telepresence is so high in telepsychotherapy.},
keywords = {adult, age, Age Factors, article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, emotion, Emotions, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, mental task, Middle Aged, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, Sex Factors, task performance, Telemedicine, telepresence, Verbal Behavior, videoconferencing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Previous studies have linked telepresence to the strength of the therapeutic relationship experienced during telepsychotherapy. This finding comes as a surprise for many people who have been involved in a teleconference meeting, where telepresence is often considered weak. The aim of this study is to (re)evaluate the impact of emotional engagement on telepresence. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (a) emotionally charged verbal exchange first (followed by a more neutral verbal exchange), or (b) emotionally neutral verbal exchange first (followed by an emotionally charged verbal exchange). A distraction task was performed between the two verbal exchanges in videofoncerence. Results showed that verbal exchanges involving stronger emotions increase telepresence. These results may explain why telepresence is so high in telepsychotherapy.