Slide
Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
1.
Santana, S. T. O. D.; Silva, J. C. Da; Hatano, Y.; Guerrero-Mendez, C. D.; Souza, M. L. De; Igasaki, T.; Bastos-Filho, T.; Dantas, A. F. O. De Azevedo; Falk, T. H.; Delisle-Rodriguez, D.
Cognitive Training Using a Brain-Computer Interface for θ/β Ratio Self-Regulation - Preliminary Results with Long Covid-19 Survivors Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Int. Conf. Hum.-Mach. Syst., ICHMS, pp. 646–650, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2026, ISBN: 979-833154511-6 (ISBN), (Journal Abbreviation: IEEE Int. Conf. Hum.-Mach. Syst., ICHMS).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 'current, Behavioral research, Brain, brain computer interface, Brain mapping, cognitive impairment, Cognitive skill, Cognitive systems, Cognitive training, Computer games, COVID-19, Electroencephalography, Electrophysiology, Executive Function, Interfaces (computer), Memory functions, Neurotechnology, Personnel training, Self regulation, Sustained attention, working memory
@inproceedings{santanaCognitiveTrainingUsing2026,
title = {Cognitive Training Using a Brain-Computer Interface for θ/β Ratio Self-Regulation - Preliminary Results with Long Covid-19 Survivors},
author = {S. T. O. D. Santana and J. C. Da Silva and Y. Hatano and C. D. Guerrero-Mendez and M. L. De Souza and T. Igasaki and T. Bastos-Filho and A. F. O. De Azevedo Dantas and T. H. Falk and D. Delisle-Rodriguez},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105045602964?origin=resultslist},
doi = {10.1109/ICHMS69701.2026.11602366},
isbn = {979-833154511-6 (ISBN)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-01-01},
booktitle = {IEEE Int. Conf. Hum.-Mach. Syst., ICHMS},
pages = {646–650},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.},
abstract = {Long COVID-19 can generate cognitive impairments, affecting a person's attention, working memory, and executive functions. Previous studies have suggested that therapies based on neurotechnologies can be used to recover cognitive skills. This current research presents an electroencephalography brain-computer interface based serious game for sustained attention training. The system classifies attention levels while the user controls the speed of a virtual car by self-regulating the θ/β power band ratio across multiple brain locations. Pilot experiments were conducted with two COVID-19 adult survivors who experienced cognitive decline due to long COVID19 symptoms. Participants underwent 10 sessions across consecutive working days (2 sessions × week). Both participants enhanced brain wave oscillations in both frontal and central regions, reducing theta activity and simultaneously increasing beta oscillations) after the training, achieving therefore healthy brain behavior during a cognitive attention task. Furthermore, both individuals improved cognitive skills, such as attention, working memory, and executive functions. These preliminary findings are promising and motivate the further development of multichannel neurofeedback systems for cognitive training for long COVID-19 survivors. © 2026 IEEE.},
note = {Journal Abbreviation: IEEE Int. Conf. Hum.-Mach. Syst., ICHMS},
keywords = {'current, Behavioral research, Brain, brain computer interface, Brain mapping, cognitive impairment, Cognitive skill, Cognitive systems, Cognitive training, Computer games, COVID-19, Electroencephalography, Electrophysiology, Executive Function, Interfaces (computer), Memory functions, Neurotechnology, Personnel training, Self regulation, Sustained attention, working memory},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Long COVID-19 can generate cognitive impairments, affecting a person's attention, working memory, and executive functions. Previous studies have suggested that therapies based on neurotechnologies can be used to recover cognitive skills. This current research presents an electroencephalography brain-computer interface based serious game for sustained attention training. The system classifies attention levels while the user controls the speed of a virtual car by self-regulating the θ/β power band ratio across multiple brain locations. Pilot experiments were conducted with two COVID-19 adult survivors who experienced cognitive decline due to long COVID19 symptoms. Participants underwent 10 sessions across consecutive working days (2 sessions × week). Both participants enhanced brain wave oscillations in both frontal and central regions, reducing theta activity and simultaneously increasing beta oscillations) after the training, achieving therefore healthy brain behavior during a cognitive attention task. Furthermore, both individuals improved cognitive skills, such as attention, working memory, and executive functions. These preliminary findings are promising and motivate the further development of multichannel neurofeedback systems for cognitive training for long COVID-19 survivors. © 2026 IEEE.
2.
Jaberi, M.; Falk, T. H.
A Literature Survey on Potential Private User Information Leakage in Metaverse Applications Journal Article
In: Advanced Intelligent Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, 2026, ISSN: 26404567 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: age, augmented reality, Brain, brain computer interface, Computer privacy, Data privacy, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Gender, Haptic interfaces, Information leakage, Intelligent systems, Literature survey, metaverse, Metaverses, Neurophysiological signal, neurophysiological signals, Neurophysiology, Privacy, Private user information, Race, Signal analysis, User information, Virtual and augmented reality
@article{jaberiLiteratureSurveyPotential2026,
title = {A Literature Survey on Potential Private User Information Leakage in Metaverse Applications},
author = {M. Jaberi and T. H. Falk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105012929167?origin=resultslist},
doi = {10.1002/aisy.202500263},
issn = {26404567 (ISSN)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-01-01},
journal = {Advanced Intelligent Systems},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},
abstract = {The Metaverse is revolutionizing various fields, including healthcare, education, social interaction, and the workplace. Commercial multisensory devices (e.g., smell diffusion and haptic technologies) are available, and virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) headsets are increasingly integrated with brain–computer interfaces (BCI). These integrations enable adaptive, personalized virtual immersive experiences that are more engaging, interactive, and effective. As these applications become mainstream, concerns arise regarding the security and privacy of personal information. Recent studies demonstrate that users can be identified with high accuracy using the data monitored from sensors available in VR/AR headsets. This literature survey investigates the types of personal user information that can be inferred from BCI-instrumented headsets. In particular, it focuses on predicting age, gender, and ethnic/racial background from neurophysiological signals currently monitored by commercial devices. The survey highlights the predictive strength of electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram signal modalities, followed by eye tracking and iris scanning. It also considers future privacy risks posed by biometric and gesture-based monitoring using non-contact technologies such as computer vision and WiFi signal analysis. The survey concludes with recommendations for future research aimed at contributing to the development of robust frameworks that safeguard user privacy in the evolving Metaverse landscape. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Intelligent Systems published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.},
keywords = {age, augmented reality, Brain, brain computer interface, Computer privacy, Data privacy, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Gender, Haptic interfaces, Information leakage, Intelligent systems, Literature survey, metaverse, Metaverses, Neurophysiological signal, neurophysiological signals, Neurophysiology, Privacy, Private user information, Race, Signal analysis, User information, Virtual and augmented reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Metaverse is revolutionizing various fields, including healthcare, education, social interaction, and the workplace. Commercial multisensory devices (e.g., smell diffusion and haptic technologies) are available, and virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) headsets are increasingly integrated with brain–computer interfaces (BCI). These integrations enable adaptive, personalized virtual immersive experiences that are more engaging, interactive, and effective. As these applications become mainstream, concerns arise regarding the security and privacy of personal information. Recent studies demonstrate that users can be identified with high accuracy using the data monitored from sensors available in VR/AR headsets. This literature survey investigates the types of personal user information that can be inferred from BCI-instrumented headsets. In particular, it focuses on predicting age, gender, and ethnic/racial background from neurophysiological signals currently monitored by commercial devices. The survey highlights the predictive strength of electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram signal modalities, followed by eye tracking and iris scanning. It also considers future privacy risks posed by biometric and gesture-based monitoring using non-contact technologies such as computer vision and WiFi signal analysis. The survey concludes with recommendations for future research aimed at contributing to the development of robust frameworks that safeguard user privacy in the evolving Metaverse landscape. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Intelligent Systems published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
3.
Boukhalfi, T.; Joyal, C.; Bouchard, S.; Neveu, S. M.; Renaud, P.
Tools and techniques for real-time data acquisition and analysis in brain computer interface studies using qEEG and eye tracking in virtual reality environment Proceedings Article
In: A., Zaremba M. Sasiadek J. Dolgui (Ed.): IFAC-PapersOnLine, pp. 46–51, 2015, ISSN: 24058963, (ISSN: 24058963 Issue: 3).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Acquisition, Analysis, brain computer interface, Data acquisition, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Eye-tracking, Forensic, Forensic engineering, Heat maps, Interfaces (computer), Psychiatry, Real time, virtual reality
@inproceedings{boukhalfi_tools_2015,
title = {Tools and techniques for real-time data acquisition and analysis in brain computer interface studies using qEEG and eye tracking in virtual reality environment},
author = {T. Boukhalfi and C. Joyal and S. Bouchard and S. M. Neveu and P. Renaud},
editor = {Zaremba M. Sasiadek J. Dolgui A.},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953850845&doi=10.1016%2fj.ifacol.2015.06.056&partnerID=40&md5=5eaa3cab6df7946f02c74e4aded68eac},
doi = {10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.056},
issn = {24058963},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {IFAC-PapersOnLine},
volume = {28},
number = {3},
pages = {46–51},
abstract = {In this paper, we present the pipeline of data acquisition and analysis used in the ARViPL lab at the Montreal Philippe-Pinel Institute for different studies related to forensic psychiatry in Virtual Reality (VR) environment and we discuss the different challenges that we encounter during the experiments when combining different new technologies that help researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of various mental health disorders. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
note = {ISSN: 24058963
Issue: 3},
keywords = {Acquisition, Analysis, brain computer interface, Data acquisition, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Eye-tracking, Forensic, Forensic engineering, Heat maps, Interfaces (computer), Psychiatry, Real time, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we present the pipeline of data acquisition and analysis used in the ARViPL lab at the Montreal Philippe-Pinel Institute for different studies related to forensic psychiatry in Virtual Reality (VR) environment and we discuss the different challenges that we encounter during the experiments when combining different new technologies that help researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of various mental health disorders. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4.
Boukhalfi, T.; Joyal, C.; Bouchard, S.; Neveu, S. M.; Renaud, P.
Tools and techniques for real-time data acquisition and analysis in brain computer interface studies using qEEG and eye tracking in virtual reality environment Proceedings Article
In: A., Zaremba M. Sasiadek J. Dolgui (Ed.): IFAC-PapersOnLine, pp. 46–51, 2015, ISSN: 24058963.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Acquisition, Analysis, brain computer interface, Data acquisition, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Eye-tracking, Forensic, Forensic engineering, Heat maps, Interfaces (computer), Psychiatry, Real time, virtual reality
@inproceedings{boukhalfiToolsTechniquesRealtime2015,
title = {Tools and techniques for real-time data acquisition and analysis in brain computer interface studies using qEEG and eye tracking in virtual reality environment},
author = {T. Boukhalfi and C. Joyal and S. Bouchard and S. M. Neveu and P. Renaud},
editor = {Zaremba M. Sasiadek J. Dolgui A.},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953850845&doi=10.1016%2fj.ifacol.2015.06.056&partnerID=40&md5=5eaa3cab6df7946f02c74e4aded68eac},
doi = {10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.056},
issn = {24058963},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {IFAC-PapersOnLine},
volume = {28},
number = {3},
pages = {46–51},
abstract = {In this paper, we present the pipeline of data acquisition and analysis used in the ARViPL lab at the Montreal Philippe-Pinel Institute for different studies related to forensic psychiatry in Virtual Reality (VR) environment and we discuss the different challenges that we encounter during the experiments when combining different new technologies that help researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of various mental health disorders. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {Acquisition, Analysis, brain computer interface, Data acquisition, Electroencephalography, eye tracking, Eye-tracking, Forensic, Forensic engineering, Heat maps, Interfaces (computer), Psychiatry, Real time, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we present the pipeline of data acquisition and analysis used in the ARViPL lab at the Montreal Philippe-Pinel Institute for different studies related to forensic psychiatry in Virtual Reality (VR) environment and we discuss the different challenges that we encounter during the experiments when combining different new technologies that help researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of various mental health disorders. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
5.
Benbouriche, M.; Nolet, K.; Trottier, D.; Renaud, P.
Virtual Reality applications in forensic psychiatry Proceedings Article
In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, 2014, ISBN: 978-1-4503-2626-1.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Applications, brain computer interface, Decision makers, decision making, Diseases, Forensic psychiatry, Forensic science, Mental health, Mental illness, Self regulation, Theoretical points, virtual reality, VR applications
@inproceedings{benbouriche_virtual_2014,
title = {Virtual Reality applications in forensic psychiatry},
author = {M. Benbouriche and K. Nolet and D. Trottier and P. Renaud},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940036083&doi=10.1145%2f2617841.2620692&partnerID=40&md5=d2e1afa9192884a500dcee9a29f9e758},
doi = {10.1145/2617841.2620692},
isbn = {978-1-4503-2626-1},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {ACM International Conference Proceeding Series},
volume = {2014-April},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
abstract = {Violent offending behaviours remain an important issue in particular when associated with mental illness. To prevent recidivism and protect society, investments are required to develop new tools that would provide decision makers with a better understanding of violent behaviours and ultimately improve treatment options for violent offenders. Recently, Virtual Reality (VR) is gaining recognition as promising tool in forensic psychiatry. Amongst other things, VR allows a renewal from both methodological and theoretical points of view. The aim of this paper is to introduce VR applications in the context of forensic psychiatry. After a brief introduction to the purpose of forensic psychiatry, examples will be given in order to illustrate how VR can help address some of the field's current issues.},
keywords = {Applications, brain computer interface, Decision makers, decision making, Diseases, Forensic psychiatry, Forensic science, Mental health, Mental illness, Self regulation, Theoretical points, virtual reality, VR applications},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Violent offending behaviours remain an important issue in particular when associated with mental illness. To prevent recidivism and protect society, investments are required to develop new tools that would provide decision makers with a better understanding of violent behaviours and ultimately improve treatment options for violent offenders. Recently, Virtual Reality (VR) is gaining recognition as promising tool in forensic psychiatry. Amongst other things, VR allows a renewal from both methodological and theoretical points of view. The aim of this paper is to introduce VR applications in the context of forensic psychiatry. After a brief introduction to the purpose of forensic psychiatry, examples will be given in order to illustrate how VR can help address some of the field's current issues.
6.
Benbouriche, M.; Nolet, K.; Trottier, D.; Renaud, P.
Virtual Reality applications in forensic psychiatry Proceedings Article
In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, 2014, ISBN: 978-1-4503-2626-1.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Applications, brain computer interface, Decision makers, decision making, Diseases, Forensic psychiatry, Forensic science, Mental health, Mental illness, Self regulation, Theoretical points, virtual reality, VR applications
@inproceedings{benbouricheVirtualRealityApplications2014,
title = {Virtual Reality applications in forensic psychiatry},
author = {M. Benbouriche and K. Nolet and D. Trottier and P. Renaud},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940036083&doi=10.1145%2f2617841.2620692&partnerID=40&md5=d2e1afa9192884a500dcee9a29f9e758},
doi = {10.1145/2617841.2620692},
isbn = {978-1-4503-2626-1},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {ACM International Conference Proceeding Series},
volume = {2014-April},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
abstract = {Violent offending behaviours remain an important issue in particular when associated with mental illness. To prevent recidivism and protect society, investments are required to develop new tools that would provide decision makers with a better understanding of violent behaviours and ultimately improve treatment options for violent offenders. Recently, Virtual Reality (VR) is gaining recognition as promising tool in forensic psychiatry. Amongst other things, VR allows a renewal from both methodological and theoretical points of view. The aim of this paper is to introduce VR applications in the context of forensic psychiatry. After a brief introduction to the purpose of forensic psychiatry, examples will be given in order to illustrate how VR can help address some of the field's current issues.},
keywords = {Applications, brain computer interface, Decision makers, decision making, Diseases, Forensic psychiatry, Forensic science, Mental health, Mental illness, Self regulation, Theoretical points, virtual reality, VR applications},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Violent offending behaviours remain an important issue in particular when associated with mental illness. To prevent recidivism and protect society, investments are required to develop new tools that would provide decision makers with a better understanding of violent behaviours and ultimately improve treatment options for violent offenders. Recently, Virtual Reality (VR) is gaining recognition as promising tool in forensic psychiatry. Amongst other things, VR allows a renewal from both methodological and theoretical points of view. The aim of this paper is to introduce VR applications in the context of forensic psychiatry. After a brief introduction to the purpose of forensic psychiatry, examples will be given in order to illustrate how VR can help address some of the field's current issues.
7.
Renaud, P.; Joyal, C.; Stoleru, S.; Goyette, M.; Weiskopf, N.; Birbaumer, N.
Real-time functional magnetic imaging-brain-computer interface and virtual reality. promising tools for the treatment of pedophilia. Journal Article
In: Progress in Brain Research, vol. 192, pp. 263–272, 2011, ISSN: 00796123, (Publisher: Elsevier B.V.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: anterior cingulate, book, brain computer interface, brain region, cognitive therapy, electroencephalogram, eye tracking, functional magnetic resonance imaging, human, neuroanatomy, Pedophilia, Plethysmography, priority journal, Sensitivity and Specificity, sexual arousal, Sexual Behavior, sexual crime, sexual deviation, virtual reality
@article{renaud_real-time_2011,
title = {Real-time functional magnetic imaging-brain-computer interface and virtual reality. promising tools for the treatment of pedophilia.},
author = {P. Renaud and C. Joyal and S. Stoleru and M. Goyette and N. Weiskopf and N. Birbaumer},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960222279&doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-444-53355-5.00014-2&partnerID=40&md5=5d87cef8357da4e209f81c7d19b9afa2},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53355-5.00014-2},
issn = {00796123},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Progress in Brain Research},
volume = {192},
pages = {263–272},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {This chapter proposes a prospective view on using a real-time functional magnetic imaging (rt-fMRI) brain-computer interface (BCI) application as a new treatment for pedophilia. Neurofeedback mediated by interactive virtual stimuli is presented as the key process in this new BCI application. Results on the diagnostic discriminant power of virtual characters depicting sexual stimuli relevant to pedophilia are given. Finally, practical and ethical implications are briefly addressed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
keywords = {anterior cingulate, book, brain computer interface, brain region, cognitive therapy, electroencephalogram, eye tracking, functional magnetic resonance imaging, human, neuroanatomy, Pedophilia, Plethysmography, priority journal, Sensitivity and Specificity, sexual arousal, Sexual Behavior, sexual crime, sexual deviation, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This chapter proposes a prospective view on using a real-time functional magnetic imaging (rt-fMRI) brain-computer interface (BCI) application as a new treatment for pedophilia. Neurofeedback mediated by interactive virtual stimuli is presented as the key process in this new BCI application. Results on the diagnostic discriminant power of virtual characters depicting sexual stimuli relevant to pedophilia are given. Finally, practical and ethical implications are briefly addressed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
8.
Renaud, P.; Joyal, C.; Stoleru, S.; Goyette, M.; Weiskopf, N.; Birbaumer, N.
Real-time functional magnetic imaging-brain-computer interface and virtual reality. promising tools for the treatment of pedophilia. Journal Article
In: Progress in Brain Research, vol. 192, pp. 263–272, 2011, ISSN: 00796123.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: anterior cingulate, book, brain computer interface, brain region, cognitive therapy, electroencephalogram, eye tracking, functional magnetic resonance imaging, human, neuroanatomy, Pedophilia, Plethysmography, priority journal, Sensitivity and Specificity, sexual arousal, Sexual Behavior, sexual crime, sexual deviation, virtual reality
@article{renaudRealtimeFunctionalMagnetic2011,
title = {Real-time functional magnetic imaging-brain-computer interface and virtual reality. promising tools for the treatment of pedophilia.},
author = {P. Renaud and C. Joyal and S. Stoleru and M. Goyette and N. Weiskopf and N. Birbaumer},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960222279&doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-444-53355-5.00014-2&partnerID=40&md5=5d87cef8357da4e209f81c7d19b9afa2},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53355-5.00014-2},
issn = {00796123},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Progress in Brain Research},
volume = {192},
pages = {263–272},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {This chapter proposes a prospective view on using a real-time functional magnetic imaging (rt-fMRI) brain-computer interface (BCI) application as a new treatment for pedophilia. Neurofeedback mediated by interactive virtual stimuli is presented as the key process in this new BCI application. Results on the diagnostic discriminant power of virtual characters depicting sexual stimuli relevant to pedophilia are given. Finally, practical and ethical implications are briefly addressed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.},
keywords = {anterior cingulate, book, brain computer interface, brain region, cognitive therapy, electroencephalogram, eye tracking, functional magnetic resonance imaging, human, neuroanatomy, Pedophilia, Plethysmography, priority journal, Sensitivity and Specificity, sexual arousal, Sexual Behavior, sexual crime, sexual deviation, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This chapter proposes a prospective view on using a real-time functional magnetic imaging (rt-fMRI) brain-computer interface (BCI) application as a new treatment for pedophilia. Neurofeedback mediated by interactive virtual stimuli is presented as the key process in this new BCI application. Results on the diagnostic discriminant power of virtual characters depicting sexual stimuli relevant to pedophilia are given. Finally, practical and ethical implications are briefly addressed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.