@article{plouffe-demers_facial_2022,

title = {Facial Expression of Pain: Sex Differences in the Discrimination of Varying Intensities},

author = {M. -P. Plouffe-Demers and C. Saumure and D. Fiset and S. Cormier and C. Blais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85138214204&doi=10.1037%2femo0001156&partnerID=40&md5=d5063c7ab05722c16694952ac5d53027},

doi = {10.1037/emo0001156},

issn = {15283542 (ISSN)},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Emotion},

volume = {23},

number = {5},

pages = {1254–1266},

abstract = {It has been proposed that women are better than men at recognizing emotions and pain experienced by others. They have also been shown to be more sensitive to variations in pain expressions. The objective of the present study was to explore the perceptual basis of these sexual differences by comparing the visual information used by men and women to discriminate between different intensities of pain facial expressions. Using the data-driven Bubbles method, we were able to corroborate the woman advantage in the discrimination of pain intensities that did not appear to be explained by variations in empathic tendencies. In terms of visual strategies, our results do not indicate any qualitative differences in the facial regions used by men and women. However, they suggest that women rely on larger regions of the face that seems to completely mediate their advantage. This utilization of larger clusters could indicate either that women integrate simultaneously and more efficiently information coming from different areas of the face or that they are more flexible in the utilization of the information present in these clusters. Women would then opt for a more holistic or flexible processing of the facial information, while men would rely on a specific yet rigid integration strategy. © 2022 American Psychological Association},

note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association},

keywords = {adult, article, controlled study, data-driven methods, effect size, Empathy, Facial Expression, facial expressions, female, human, human experiment, information processing, male, normal human, Pain, pain intensity, qualitative research, sample size, sex difference, sex differences, vision, visual acuity, visual information, Visual Perception},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bouchard_using_2017,

title = {Using virtual reality in the treatment of gambling disorder: The development of a new tool for cognitive behavior therapy},

author = {S. Bouchard and G. Robillard and I. Giroux and C. Jacques and C. Loranger and M. St-Pierre and M. Chrétien and A. Goulet},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014229849&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyt.2017.00027&partnerID=40&md5=27df5ef448fec9e2ac3498cd76632899},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00027},

issn = {16640640},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {8},

number = {FEB},

abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) can be used in the treatment of gambling disorder to provide emotionally charged contexts (e.g., induce cravings) where patients can practice cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) techniques in the safety of the therapist's office. This raises practical questions, such as whether the cravings are sufficient to be clinically useful but also manageable enough to remain clinically safe. Pilot data are also needed to test the development of a treatment manual and prepare large randomized control trials. This paper reports on three studies describing (a) cravings induced in VR compared to real gambling and a control game of skill with no money involved (N = 28 frequent gamblers and 36 infrequent gamblers); (b) the usefulness of a treatment protocol with only two CBT sessions using VR (N = 34 pathological gamblers); and (c) the safety of a four-session treatment program of CBT in VR (N = 25 pathological gamblers). Study 1 reveals that immersions in VR can elicit desire and a positive anticipation to gamble in frequent gamblers that are (a) significantly stronger than for infrequent gamblers and for playing a control game of skill and (b) as strong as for gambling on a real video lottery terminal. Study 2 documents the feasibility of integrating VR in CBT, its usefulness in identifying more high-risk situations and dysfunctional thoughts, how inducing cravings during relapse prevention exercises significantly relates to treatment outcome, and the safety of the procedure in terms of cybersickness. Results from Study 3 confirm that, compared to inducing urges to gamble in imagination, using VR does not lead to urges that are stronger, last longer, or feel more out of control. Outcome data and effect sizes are reported for both randomized control pilot trials conducted in inpatient settings. Suggestions for future research are provided, including on increasing the number of VR sessions in the treatment program. © 2017 Bouchard, Robillard, Giroux, Jacques, Loranger, St-Pierre, Chrétien and Goulet.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation},

keywords = {adult, age distribution, article, clinical effectiveness, cognitive behavioral therapy, controlled study, craving, DSM-5, ethnic difference, female, high risk population, human, major clinical study, male, outcome assessment, pathological gambling, pilot study, program feasibility, safety, sex difference, treatment duration, treatment outcome, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{tremblay_body_2016,

title = {Body image and anti-fat attitudes: An experimental study using a haptic virtual reality environment to replicate human touch},

author = {L. Tremblay and M. Roy-Vaillancourt and B. Chebbi and S. Bouchard and M. Daoust and J. Dénommée and M. Thorpe},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959145453&doi=10.1089%2fcyber.2015.0226&partnerID=40&md5=00d8d94b5bf7f7374d1372bbfad2e325},

doi = {10.1089/cyber.2015.0226},

issn = {21522715 (ISSN)},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking},

volume = {19},

number = {2},

pages = {100–106},

abstract = {It is well documented that anti-fat attitudes influence the interactions individuals have with overweight people. However, testing attitudes through self-report measures is challenging. In the present study, we explore the use of a haptic virtual reality environment to physically interact with overweight virtual human (VH). We verify the hypothesis that duration and strength of virtual touch vary according to the characteristics of VH in ways similar to those encountered from interaction with real people in anti-fat attitude studies. A group of 61 participants were randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions involving giving a virtual hug to a female or a male VH of either normal or overweight. We found significant associations between body image satisfaction and anti-fat attitudes and sex differences on these measures. We also found a significant interaction effect of the sex of the participants, sex of the VH, and the body size of the VH. Female participants hugged longer the overweight female VH than overweight male VH. Male participants hugged longer the normal-weight VH than the overweight VH. We conclude that virtual touch is a promising method of measuring attitudes, emotion and social interactions. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2016.},

note = {Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Attitude, body image, Body Size, computer interface, Environment, female, human, human relation, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, male, obesity, Overweight, Personal Satisfaction, psychology, satisfaction, sex difference, Sex Factors, Touch, User-Computer Interface, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bouchard_telepresence_2011,

title = {Telepresence experienced in videoconference varies according to emotions involved in videoconference sessions},

author = {S. Bouchard and S. Dumoulin and M. Michaud and V. Gougeon},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83455200034&partnerID=40&md5=46d035fda13fc7d2b32c6b08341505a6},

issn = {15548716},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {104–107},

abstract = {Previous studies have linked telepresence to the strength of the therapeutic relationship experienced during telepsychotherapy. This finding comes as a surprise for many people who have been involved in a teleconference meeting, where telepresence is often considered weak. The aim of this study is to (re)evaluate the impact of emotional engagement on telepresence. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (a) emotionally charged verbal exchange first (followed by a more neutral verbal exchange), or (b) emotionally neutral verbal exchange first (followed by an emotionally charged verbal exchange). A distraction task was performed between the two verbal exchanges in videofoncerence. Results showed that verbal exchanges involving stronger emotions increase telepresence. These results may explain why telepresence is so high in telepsychotherapy.},

keywords = {adult, age, Age Factors, article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, emotion, Emotions, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, mental task, Middle Aged, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, Sex Factors, task performance, Telemedicine, telepresence, Verbal Behavior, videoconferencing},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{baus_sense_2010,

title = {The sense of olfaction: Its characteristics and its possible applications in virtual environments},

author = {O. Baus and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650054636&partnerID=40&md5=959d26e8022423056fe9a9345b5ba084},

issn = {17849934},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation},

volume = {3},

number = {1},

pages = {31–50},

abstract = {Virtual environments (VE) aim to reproduce life-like experiences, but despite indications that the olfactory sense plays a significant role in everyday life, the integration of olfactory stimuli in VEs is rare. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on olfaction and its potential applications in Virtual Reality (VR). Indications supporting the integration of odorants in VR include the privileged connections between the olfactory system and the brain regions involved in the processing of virtual stimuli used in clinical applications, as well as the interaction between odors, the other senses, and various psychological processes. Presently, smells are mostly integrated in VR applications for post-traumatic stress disorder and drug addiction, but further uses of odorants in VEs could include pain distraction, various training scenarios, such as emergency response and relaxation, and investigations of multi-sensory integration. ©Virtual Reality Medical Institute.},

keywords = {Arousal, article, brain region, conditioning, drug dependence, emotionality, human, Learning, leisure, Memory, mental function, neuroanatomy, odor, olfactory discrimination, olfactory system, pain assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, sex difference, smelling, social interaction, virtual reality, visual stimulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}