@article{remacle_virtual_2021,

title = {A virtual classroom can elicit teachers’ speech characteristics: evidence from acoustic measurements during in vivo and in virtuo lessons, compared to a free speech control situation},

author = {A. Remacle and S. Bouchard and A. -M. Etienne and M. -C. Rivard and D. Morsomme},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099237102&doi=10.1007%2fs10055-020-00491-1&partnerID=40&md5=448b0a53f39ff0f49b5f0e2b870d2ab4},

doi = {10.1007/s10055-020-00491-1},

issn = {13594338 (ISSN)},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Virtual Reality},

volume = {25},

number = {4},

pages = {935–944},

abstract = {To achieve pedagogic goals and deal with environmental constraints such as noise when lecturing, teachers adapt their speech production in terms of frequency, intensity, and temporal aspects. The mastery of appropriate vocal skills is key to teachers’ speech intelligibility, health, and educational effectiveness. This project tests the relevance of virtual reality (VR) for training teachers’ vocal skills by simulating a lesson in a realistic VR environment characterized by adjustable constraints such as background noise and fidgety children. The VR environment depicts an elementary school classroom with 16 pupils aged 9 to 12 years old animated with typical childlike actions. To validate this virtual classroom in terms of speech characteristics, we conducted acoustic analyses on the speech productions of 30 female teachers in three conditions: (1) giving a free speech while facing the experimenter (control), (2) teaching in their usual classroom (in vivo), and (3) teaching the same lesson in a virtual classroom (in virtuo). The background noise in the VR setting was adjusted for each talker so it was similar to the level measured in vivo. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that teachers significantly increased their voice frequency, intensity, and intonation and made longer pauses while speaking in vivo and in virtuo, compared to the control condition (p <.001). These voice and speech adaptations (partly related to background noise), the strong feeling of presence, and the lack of side effects suggest that the virtual classroom may facilitate voice training and rehabilitation for teachers. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd. part of Springer Nature.},

note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

keywords = {Acoustic analysis, Acoustic measurement, Acoustic measurements, Acoustic noise, Computer aided instruction, Educational effectiveness, Elementary schools, Environmental constraints, Feeling of presences, Lombard speech, Personnel training, Repeated measures, Speech and language therapy, Speech intelligibility, Speech production, Teacher training, virtual reality, Vocal behavior},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bouchard_manipulating_2012,

title = {Manipulating subjective realism and its impact on presence: Preliminary results on feasibility and neuroanatomical correlates},

author = {S. Bouchard and S. Dumoulin and J. Talbot and A. -A. Ledoux and J. Phillips and J. Monthuy-Blanc and G. Labonté-Chartrand and G. Robillard and M. Cantamesse and P. Renaud},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866389210&doi=10.1016%2fj.intcom.2012.04.011&partnerID=40&md5=f5d975e9f3ae33c5f300faaaee1c5ad0},

doi = {10.1016/j.intcom.2012.04.011},

issn = {09535438},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Interacting with Computers},

volume = {24},

number = {4},

pages = {227–236},

abstract = {The feeling of presence has been shown to be an important concept in several clinical applications of virtual reality. Among the factors influencing presence, realism factors have been examined extensively from the angle of objective realism. Objective realism has been manipulated by altering numerous technological characteristics such as pictorial quality, texture and shading, or by adding more sensory information (i.e.; smell, touch). Much less studied is the subjective (or perceived) realism, the focus of the two pilot studies reported in this article. In Study 1, subjective realism was manipulated in order to assess the impact on the feeling of presence. Method: Presence was measured in 31 adults after two immersions in virtual reality. Participants were immersed in a neutral/irrelevant virtual environment and subsequently subjected to the experimental manipulation. Participants in the experimental condition were falsely led to believe that they were immersed live in real time in a "real" room with a "real" mouse in a cage. In the control condition, participants believed they were immersed in a replica of the nearby room. All participants were actually immersed in the exact same virtual environment. Results: A manipulation check revealed that 80% of the participants believed in the deception. A 2 Times by 2 Conditions repeated measure ANOVA revealed that leading people to believe they were seeing a real environment digitized live in virtual reality increased their feeling of presence compared to the control condition. In Study 2, the same experimental design was used but with simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in order to assess brain areas potentially related to the feeling of presence. fMRI data from five participants were subjected to a within subject fixed effect analysis to verify differences between the experimental immersion (higher presence) and the control immersion (lower presence). Results revealed a statistically significant difference in left and right parahippocampus areas. Conclusion: Results are discussed according to layers of presence and consciousness and the meaning given to experiences occurring in virtual reality. Some suggestions are formulated to target core presence and extended presence. © 2012 British Informatics Society Limited. All rights reserved.},

note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},

keywords = {Experimental conditions, Feeling of presences, fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging, Functional neuroimaging, Magnetic resonance imaging, Parahippocampus, Statistically significant difference, Subjective realisms, Technological characteristics, Textures, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}