Slide
Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
1.
Baus, O.; Bouchard, S.; Nolet, K.
Exposure to a pleasant odour may increase the sense of reality, but not the sense of presence or realism Journal Article
In: Behaviour and Information Technology, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1369–1378, 2019, ISSN: 0144929X (ISSN), (Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Ambient air, apple, article, cinnamon, female, follow up, Fruits, human, human experiment, human tissue, male, nonhuman, odor, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, urine, virtual reality, Visual scene
@article{baus_exposure_2019,
title = {Exposure to a pleasant odour may increase the sense of reality, but not the sense of presence or realism},
author = {O. Baus and S. Bouchard and K. Nolet},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062948876&doi=10.1080%2f0144929X.2019.1590458&partnerID=40&md5=b9a2badea1774db4c07a5d9b256614d3},
doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2019.1590458},
issn = {0144929X (ISSN)},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Behaviour and Information Technology},
volume = {38},
number = {12},
pages = {1369–1378},
abstract = {Smell can increase the sense of presence, reality, and realism when exposed in a virtual environment. This effect has been found to be increased when the nature of the odour is concordant visually with the scene, i.e. exposure to an unpleasant odour in a filthy virtual kitchen. The objective of this project was to verify whether this effect could be generalised to pleasant odours. Participants were immersed in a virtual apartment with a kitchen where the visual scene suggested that cinnamon apple pies had recently been baked. Participants were randomly and blindly assigned to three conditions: exposition to the ambient air, to a pleasant odour of cinnamon apple pie, or an unpleasant odour of urine. The results indicated that while exposure to the visually concordant pleasant odour did increase the sense of reality in a statistically significant manner, it did not affect the sense of presence or realism. Results also suggested that the visual/olfactory concordance may have facilitated the detection of the pleasant odour. The potential implications of the results, potential explanations for the lack of effect on the sense of presence, as well as potential follow-up research projects are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
keywords = {adult, Ambient air, apple, article, cinnamon, female, follow up, Fruits, human, human experiment, human tissue, male, nonhuman, odor, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, urine, virtual reality, Visual scene},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Smell can increase the sense of presence, reality, and realism when exposed in a virtual environment. This effect has been found to be increased when the nature of the odour is concordant visually with the scene, i.e. exposure to an unpleasant odour in a filthy virtual kitchen. The objective of this project was to verify whether this effect could be generalised to pleasant odours. Participants were immersed in a virtual apartment with a kitchen where the visual scene suggested that cinnamon apple pies had recently been baked. Participants were randomly and blindly assigned to three conditions: exposition to the ambient air, to a pleasant odour of cinnamon apple pie, or an unpleasant odour of urine. The results indicated that while exposure to the visually concordant pleasant odour did increase the sense of reality in a statistically significant manner, it did not affect the sense of presence or realism. Results also suggested that the visual/olfactory concordance may have facilitated the detection of the pleasant odour. The potential implications of the results, potential explanations for the lack of effect on the sense of presence, as well as potential follow-up research projects are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
2.
Baus, O.; Bouchard, S.
Exposure to an unpleasant odour increases the sense of Presence in virtual reality Journal Article
In: Virtual Reality, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 59–74, 2017, ISSN: 13594338 (ISSN), (Publisher: Springer London).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Detection rates, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Olfactory cues, Potential exposure, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, Software engineering, virtual reality
@article{baus_exposure_2017,
title = {Exposure to an unpleasant odour increases the sense of Presence in virtual reality},
author = {O. Baus and S. Bouchard},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020673524&doi=10.1007%2fs10055-016-0299-3&partnerID=40&md5=1395285889286214de4d258031f4d9f5},
doi = {10.1007/s10055-016-0299-3},
issn = {13594338 (ISSN)},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Virtual Reality},
volume = {21},
number = {2},
pages = {59–74},
abstract = {While olfactory cues affect the everyday human experience in the physical world, few studies have empirically examined the effect they could have on the human experience in virtual reality (VR). This project’s goal was to determine whether the exposure to olfactory stimuli would affect the senses of Presence (primary measure), Reality and Realism (exploratory measures) in VR. In a virtual kitchen devoid of obvious visual cues linking the visual scene to an odour, three groups of 20 randomly assigned participants (12 females and 8 males per group), unaware of the potential exposure to olfactory stimuli, were exposed to either ambient air, a pleasant odour, or an unpleasant odour. The results reveal that the unpleasant odour had a statistically significant effect on the sense of Presence (as measured by repeated brief measures of Presence and the Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory), but the pleasant one did not. The lower perceived intensity of the pleasant odour may have contributed to its lower detection rate which, in turn, may have contributed to the pleasant odour’s lack of effect on the sense of Presence. Neither of the olfactory stimuli had an effect on either the sense of Reality or the sense of Realism. © 2016, Springer-Verlag London.},
note = {Publisher: Springer London},
keywords = {Detection rates, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Olfactory cues, Potential exposure, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, Software engineering, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While olfactory cues affect the everyday human experience in the physical world, few studies have empirically examined the effect they could have on the human experience in virtual reality (VR). This project’s goal was to determine whether the exposure to olfactory stimuli would affect the senses of Presence (primary measure), Reality and Realism (exploratory measures) in VR. In a virtual kitchen devoid of obvious visual cues linking the visual scene to an odour, three groups of 20 randomly assigned participants (12 females and 8 males per group), unaware of the potential exposure to olfactory stimuli, were exposed to either ambient air, a pleasant odour, or an unpleasant odour. The results reveal that the unpleasant odour had a statistically significant effect on the sense of Presence (as measured by repeated brief measures of Presence and the Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory), but the pleasant one did not. The lower perceived intensity of the pleasant odour may have contributed to its lower detection rate which, in turn, may have contributed to the pleasant odour’s lack of effect on the sense of Presence. Neither of the olfactory stimuli had an effect on either the sense of Reality or the sense of Realism. © 2016, Springer-Verlag London.
3.
Corno, G.; Bouchard, S.; Forget, H.
Usability assessment of the virtual multitasking test (V-MT) for elderly people Journal Article
In: Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, vol. 12, pp. 168–172, 2014, ISSN: 15548716, (Publisher: Virtual reality med institute).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over, aged, behavior, cognition, cognitive defect, Cognitive Dysfunction, Cognitive functions, computer assisted diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Diagnosis, Elderly, Elderly people, female, Geriatric Assessment, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Middle Aged, Multitasking, Multitasking Behavior, Older users, Presence, procedures, Psychological research, Usability, Usability assessment, very elderly, virtual reality
@article{corno_usability_2014,
title = {Usability assessment of the virtual multitasking test (V-MT) for elderly people},
author = {G. Corno and S. Bouchard and H. Forget},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928056933&partnerID=40&md5=b0e0cc4d1c5203678a24bbdcf36d7686},
issn = {15548716},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine},
volume = {12},
pages = {168–172},
abstract = {In the last decades an increasing number of psychological researches have used Virtual Reality (VR) technology in different fields. Nevertheless, few studies used Virtual Environments (VEs) with a sample of older users. The aim of the present study is to assess the usability of the Virtual Multitasking Test (V-MT), which consists in a virtual apartment created to assess cognitive functions in elderly people. This study reports the preliminary results to support the development of a VE in which elderly people feel present and fully immersed. © 2014, Virtual reality med institute. All rights reserved.},
note = {Publisher: Virtual reality med institute},
keywords = {80 and over, aged, behavior, cognition, cognitive defect, Cognitive Dysfunction, Cognitive functions, computer assisted diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Diagnosis, Elderly, Elderly people, female, Geriatric Assessment, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Middle Aged, Multitasking, Multitasking Behavior, Older users, Presence, procedures, Psychological research, Usability, Usability assessment, very elderly, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the last decades an increasing number of psychological researches have used Virtual Reality (VR) technology in different fields. Nevertheless, few studies used Virtual Environments (VEs) with a sample of older users. The aim of the present study is to assess the usability of the Virtual Multitasking Test (V-MT), which consists in a virtual apartment created to assess cognitive functions in elderly people. This study reports the preliminary results to support the development of a VE in which elderly people feel present and fully immersed. © 2014, Virtual reality med institute. All rights reserved.
4.
Bouchard, S.; Talbot, J.; Ledoux, A. -A.; Phillips, J.; Cantamesse, M.; Robillard, G.
Presence is just an illusion: Using fMRI to locate the brain area responsible to the meaning given to places Proceedings Article
In: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, pp. 193–196, IOS Press, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-60750-560-0, (ISSN: 09269630).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Brain areas, Feeling of presences, fMRI, Neural correlate, parahypocampus, Presence, Research teams, Right handed
@inproceedings{bouchard_presence_2010,
title = {Presence is just an illusion: Using fMRI to locate the brain area responsible to the meaning given to places},
author = {S. Bouchard and J. Talbot and A. -A. Ledoux and J. Phillips and M. Cantamesse and G. Robillard},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954585026&doi=10.3233%2f978-1-60750-561-7-193&partnerID=40&md5=d4fcfb805616ed0152271b0132e90350},
doi = {10.3233/978-1-60750-561-7-193},
isbn = {978-1-60750-560-0},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Studies in Health Technology and Informatics},
volume = {154},
pages = {193–196},
publisher = {IOS Press},
abstract = {Researchers have suggested different models to describe the feeling of presence. Most of them imply that presence is some kind of alternate state. Research conducted in our research team lead us to consider presence simply like a very powerful perceptual illusion, with the addition of challenging the meaning given to the place where the user actually is (i.e., being "there"). The aim of this study is to investigate the neural correlates of the illusion of presence in VR. Five right-handed adults were scanned in the fMRI and were immersed in two conditions: high and low presence, where the exact same stimulus was presented to participants during each condition but the context (narrative) provided differed significantly. Results show a clear, specific and statistically significant involvement of the parahippocampal area, the brain responsible for giving contextual meaning of places. © 2010 The Interactive Media Institute and IOS Press. All rights reserved.},
note = {ISSN: 09269630},
keywords = {Brain areas, Feeling of presences, fMRI, Neural correlate, parahypocampus, Presence, Research teams, Right handed},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Researchers have suggested different models to describe the feeling of presence. Most of them imply that presence is some kind of alternate state. Research conducted in our research team lead us to consider presence simply like a very powerful perceptual illusion, with the addition of challenging the meaning given to the place where the user actually is (i.e., being "there"). The aim of this study is to investigate the neural correlates of the illusion of presence in VR. Five right-handed adults were scanned in the fMRI and were immersed in two conditions: high and low presence, where the exact same stimulus was presented to participants during each condition but the context (narrative) provided differed significantly. Results show a clear, specific and statistically significant involvement of the parahippocampal area, the brain responsible for giving contextual meaning of places. © 2010 The Interactive Media Institute and IOS Press. All rights reserved.
5.
Renaud, P.; Bouchard, S.; Proulx, R.
Behavioral avoidance dynamics in the presence of a virtual spider Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 6, no. 3 SPEC., pp. 235–243, 2002, ISSN: 10897771 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Affordance, animal, Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, article, Behavioral avoidance, Biomedical engineering, Chronic Disease, clinical trial, Computer Graphics, computer interface, Computer Simulation, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, Environment, Fear, female, Fractal dynamics, Fractals, head movement, Head movements, hospitalization, human, Human computer interaction, Humans, Interactive computer graphics, male, Motion Perception, movement perception, pathophysiology, Patient treatment, phobia, Phobic Disorders, Presence, psychological aspect, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysiology, reproducibility, Reproducibility of Results, Self Assessment (Psychology), self evaluation, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, spider, Spiders, Tracking, treatment outcome, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality
@article{renaud_behavioral_2002,
title = {Behavioral avoidance dynamics in the presence of a virtual spider},
author = {P. Renaud and S. Bouchard and R. Proulx},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036708418&doi=10.1109%2fTITB.2002.802381&partnerID=40&md5=4dd582cb233d8396f7795cf93cb1b984},
doi = {10.1109/TITB.2002.802381},
issn = {10897771 (ISSN)},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine},
volume = {6},
number = {3 SPEC.},
pages = {235–243},
abstract = {Tracking behavior with a virtual spider and a neutral target is compared in fearful and nonfearful subjects. Head-tracking in virtual environments appears to be a scale-free behavior with long-range fractal-like patterns. Moreover, these fractal patterns change according to what the target affords the tracker and the level of behavioral avoidance manifested by the subjects. Results are interpreted in terms of ecological psychology and nonlinear dynamics, and implications for virtual reality (VR) psychology are outlined.},
keywords = {adult, Affordance, animal, Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, article, Behavioral avoidance, Biomedical engineering, Chronic Disease, clinical trial, Computer Graphics, computer interface, Computer Simulation, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, Environment, Fear, female, Fractal dynamics, Fractals, head movement, Head movements, hospitalization, human, Human computer interaction, Humans, Interactive computer graphics, male, Motion Perception, movement perception, pathophysiology, Patient treatment, phobia, Phobic Disorders, Presence, psychological aspect, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysiology, reproducibility, Reproducibility of Results, Self Assessment (Psychology), self evaluation, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, spider, Spiders, Tracking, treatment outcome, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tracking behavior with a virtual spider and a neutral target is compared in fearful and nonfearful subjects. Head-tracking in virtual environments appears to be a scale-free behavior with long-range fractal-like patterns. Moreover, these fractal patterns change according to what the target affords the tracker and the level of behavioral avoidance manifested by the subjects. Results are interpreted in terms of ecological psychology and nonlinear dynamics, and implications for virtual reality (VR) psychology are outlined.