Slide
Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
1.
Falk, T. H.
The Internet of Senses for Healthcare 5.0: Enabling Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges Journal Article
In: Healthcare in the Digital Age: Perspectives for Sustainable Innovation and Assessment, pp. 11–29, 2025, ISSN: 978-981961437-0 (ISBN); 978-981961436-3 (ISBN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Artificial intelligence, Enabling technologies, Environmental impact, Health care, Healthcare 5.0, Human sensing, Immersive, Medical applications, Medical informatics, Multisensory, Multisensory Immersive Reality, Olfaction, Sustainability, sustainable development, Technology challenges, Technology opportunities, User experience, User interfaces, Users' experiences, virtual reality
@article{falkInternetSensesHealthcare2025,
title = {The Internet of Senses for Healthcare 5.0: Enabling Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges},
author = {T. H. Falk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105023337478?origin=resultslist},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-96-1437-0_2},
issn = {978-981961437-0 (ISBN); 978-981961436-3 (ISBN)},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Healthcare in the Digital Age: Perspectives for Sustainable Innovation and Assessment},
pages = {11–29},
publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media},
abstract = {Multisensory virtual reality immerses users in a virtual setting by stimulating all their senses. Coupled with artificial intelligence, next-generation communications, and human sensing technologies, the so-called Internet of Senses (IoS) will drive healthcare 5.0 applications for the betterment of humankind. Multisensory nature exposure experiences have already shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety. The integration of haptic technologies with olfactory stimuli could revolutionise remote medical applications, bringing specialised care to remote communities. Having this said, while the number of applications is numerous, we need to stop and think about the challenges that will arise, such as the environmental impact of developing and running these tools. Moreover, while these tools can increase accessibility to those that may have, for example, mobility issues, it can, on the other hand, limit usage for those with limited financial resources needed to run these tools. As such, do-it-yourself and/or open-source tools will be crucial to ensure equitable access worldwide. In this chapter, a description is given of the work done (and ongoing) by the author and his collaborators on how to enable healthcare 5.0 applications based on the IoS, how to better democratise them, and make them safer for users and the planet. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.},
keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Enabling technologies, Environmental impact, Health care, Healthcare 5.0, Human sensing, Immersive, Medical applications, Medical informatics, Multisensory, Multisensory Immersive Reality, Olfaction, Sustainability, sustainable development, Technology challenges, Technology opportunities, User experience, User interfaces, Users' experiences, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Multisensory virtual reality immerses users in a virtual setting by stimulating all their senses. Coupled with artificial intelligence, next-generation communications, and human sensing technologies, the so-called Internet of Senses (IoS) will drive healthcare 5.0 applications for the betterment of humankind. Multisensory nature exposure experiences have already shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety. The integration of haptic technologies with olfactory stimuli could revolutionise remote medical applications, bringing specialised care to remote communities. Having this said, while the number of applications is numerous, we need to stop and think about the challenges that will arise, such as the environmental impact of developing and running these tools. Moreover, while these tools can increase accessibility to those that may have, for example, mobility issues, it can, on the other hand, limit usage for those with limited financial resources needed to run these tools. As such, do-it-yourself and/or open-source tools will be crucial to ensure equitable access worldwide. In this chapter, a description is given of the work done (and ongoing) by the author and his collaborators on how to enable healthcare 5.0 applications based on the IoS, how to better democratise them, and make them safer for users and the planet. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
2.
Baus, O.; Bouchard, S.; Nolet, K.
Exposure to a pleasant odour may increase the sense of reality, but not the sense of presence or realism Journal Article
In: Behaviour and Information Technology, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1369–1378, 2019, ISSN: 0144929X (ISSN), (Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Ambient air, apple, article, cinnamon, female, follow up, Fruits, human, human experiment, human tissue, male, nonhuman, odor, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, urine, virtual reality, Visual scene
@article{baus_exposure_2019,
title = {Exposure to a pleasant odour may increase the sense of reality, but not the sense of presence or realism},
author = {O. Baus and S. Bouchard and K. Nolet},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062948876&doi=10.1080%2f0144929X.2019.1590458&partnerID=40&md5=b9a2badea1774db4c07a5d9b256614d3},
doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2019.1590458},
issn = {0144929X (ISSN)},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Behaviour and Information Technology},
volume = {38},
number = {12},
pages = {1369–1378},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
abstract = {Smell can increase the sense of presence, reality, and realism when exposed in a virtual environment. This effect has been found to be increased when the nature of the odour is concordant visually with the scene, i.e. exposure to an unpleasant odour in a filthy virtual kitchen. The objective of this project was to verify whether this effect could be generalised to pleasant odours. Participants were immersed in a virtual apartment with a kitchen where the visual scene suggested that cinnamon apple pies had recently been baked. Participants were randomly and blindly assigned to three conditions: exposition to the ambient air, to a pleasant odour of cinnamon apple pie, or an unpleasant odour of urine. The results indicated that while exposure to the visually concordant pleasant odour did increase the sense of reality in a statistically significant manner, it did not affect the sense of presence or realism. Results also suggested that the visual/olfactory concordance may have facilitated the detection of the pleasant odour. The potential implications of the results, potential explanations for the lack of effect on the sense of presence, as well as potential follow-up research projects are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
keywords = {adult, Ambient air, apple, article, cinnamon, female, follow up, Fruits, human, human experiment, human tissue, male, nonhuman, odor, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, urine, virtual reality, Visual scene},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Smell can increase the sense of presence, reality, and realism when exposed in a virtual environment. This effect has been found to be increased when the nature of the odour is concordant visually with the scene, i.e. exposure to an unpleasant odour in a filthy virtual kitchen. The objective of this project was to verify whether this effect could be generalised to pleasant odours. Participants were immersed in a virtual apartment with a kitchen where the visual scene suggested that cinnamon apple pies had recently been baked. Participants were randomly and blindly assigned to three conditions: exposition to the ambient air, to a pleasant odour of cinnamon apple pie, or an unpleasant odour of urine. The results indicated that while exposure to the visually concordant pleasant odour did increase the sense of reality in a statistically significant manner, it did not affect the sense of presence or realism. Results also suggested that the visual/olfactory concordance may have facilitated the detection of the pleasant odour. The potential implications of the results, potential explanations for the lack of effect on the sense of presence, as well as potential follow-up research projects are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
3.
Baus, O.; Bouchard, S.; Nolet, K.
Exposure to a pleasant odour may increase the sense of reality, but not the sense of presence or realism Journal Article
In: Behaviour and Information Technology, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1369–1378, 2019, ISSN: 0144929X (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Ambient air, apple, article, cinnamon, female, follow up, Fruits, human, human experiment, human tissue, male, nonhuman, odor, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, urine, virtual reality, Visual scene
@article{bausExposurePleasantOdour2019,
title = {Exposure to a pleasant odour may increase the sense of reality, but not the sense of presence or realism},
author = {O. Baus and S. Bouchard and K. Nolet},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062948876&doi=10.1080%2f0144929X.2019.1590458&partnerID=40&md5=b9a2badea1774db4c07a5d9b256614d3},
doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2019.1590458},
issn = {0144929X (ISSN)},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Behaviour and Information Technology},
volume = {38},
number = {12},
pages = {1369–1378},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
abstract = {Smell can increase the sense of presence, reality, and realism when exposed in a virtual environment. This effect has been found to be increased when the nature of the odour is concordant visually with the scene, i.e. exposure to an unpleasant odour in a filthy virtual kitchen. The objective of this project was to verify whether this effect could be generalised to pleasant odours. Participants were immersed in a virtual apartment with a kitchen where the visual scene suggested that cinnamon apple pies had recently been baked. Participants were randomly and blindly assigned to three conditions: exposition to the ambient air, to a pleasant odour of cinnamon apple pie, or an unpleasant odour of urine. The results indicated that while exposure to the visually concordant pleasant odour did increase the sense of reality in a statistically significant manner, it did not affect the sense of presence or realism. Results also suggested that the visual/olfactory concordance may have facilitated the detection of the pleasant odour. The potential implications of the results, potential explanations for the lack of effect on the sense of presence, as well as potential follow-up research projects are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
keywords = {adult, Ambient air, apple, article, cinnamon, female, follow up, Fruits, human, human experiment, human tissue, male, nonhuman, odor, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, urine, virtual reality, Visual scene},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Smell can increase the sense of presence, reality, and realism when exposed in a virtual environment. This effect has been found to be increased when the nature of the odour is concordant visually with the scene, i.e. exposure to an unpleasant odour in a filthy virtual kitchen. The objective of this project was to verify whether this effect could be generalised to pleasant odours. Participants were immersed in a virtual apartment with a kitchen where the visual scene suggested that cinnamon apple pies had recently been baked. Participants were randomly and blindly assigned to three conditions: exposition to the ambient air, to a pleasant odour of cinnamon apple pie, or an unpleasant odour of urine. The results indicated that while exposure to the visually concordant pleasant odour did increase the sense of reality in a statistically significant manner, it did not affect the sense of presence or realism. Results also suggested that the visual/olfactory concordance may have facilitated the detection of the pleasant odour. The potential implications of the results, potential explanations for the lack of effect on the sense of presence, as well as potential follow-up research projects are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
4.
Baus, O.; Bouchard, S.
Exposure to an unpleasant odour increases the sense of Presence in virtual reality Journal Article
In: Virtual Reality, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 59–74, 2017, ISSN: 13594338 (ISSN), (Publisher: Springer London).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Detection rates, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Olfactory cues, Potential exposure, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, Software engineering, virtual reality
@article{baus_exposure_2017,
title = {Exposure to an unpleasant odour increases the sense of Presence in virtual reality},
author = {O. Baus and S. Bouchard},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020673524&doi=10.1007%2fs10055-016-0299-3&partnerID=40&md5=1395285889286214de4d258031f4d9f5},
doi = {10.1007/s10055-016-0299-3},
issn = {13594338 (ISSN)},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Virtual Reality},
volume = {21},
number = {2},
pages = {59–74},
publisher = {Springer London},
abstract = {While olfactory cues affect the everyday human experience in the physical world, few studies have empirically examined the effect they could have on the human experience in virtual reality (VR). This project’s goal was to determine whether the exposure to olfactory stimuli would affect the senses of Presence (primary measure), Reality and Realism (exploratory measures) in VR. In a virtual kitchen devoid of obvious visual cues linking the visual scene to an odour, three groups of 20 randomly assigned participants (12 females and 8 males per group), unaware of the potential exposure to olfactory stimuli, were exposed to either ambient air, a pleasant odour, or an unpleasant odour. The results reveal that the unpleasant odour had a statistically significant effect on the sense of Presence (as measured by repeated brief measures of Presence and the Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory), but the pleasant one did not. The lower perceived intensity of the pleasant odour may have contributed to its lower detection rate which, in turn, may have contributed to the pleasant odour’s lack of effect on the sense of Presence. Neither of the olfactory stimuli had an effect on either the sense of Reality or the sense of Realism. © 2016, Springer-Verlag London.},
note = {Publisher: Springer London},
keywords = {Detection rates, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Olfactory cues, Potential exposure, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, Software engineering, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While olfactory cues affect the everyday human experience in the physical world, few studies have empirically examined the effect they could have on the human experience in virtual reality (VR). This project’s goal was to determine whether the exposure to olfactory stimuli would affect the senses of Presence (primary measure), Reality and Realism (exploratory measures) in VR. In a virtual kitchen devoid of obvious visual cues linking the visual scene to an odour, three groups of 20 randomly assigned participants (12 females and 8 males per group), unaware of the potential exposure to olfactory stimuli, were exposed to either ambient air, a pleasant odour, or an unpleasant odour. The results reveal that the unpleasant odour had a statistically significant effect on the sense of Presence (as measured by repeated brief measures of Presence and the Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory), but the pleasant one did not. The lower perceived intensity of the pleasant odour may have contributed to its lower detection rate which, in turn, may have contributed to the pleasant odour’s lack of effect on the sense of Presence. Neither of the olfactory stimuli had an effect on either the sense of Reality or the sense of Realism. © 2016, Springer-Verlag London.
5.
Baus, O.; Bouchard, S.
Exposure to an unpleasant odour increases the sense of Presence in virtual reality Journal Article
In: Virtual Reality, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 59–74, 2017, ISSN: 13594338 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Detection rates, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Olfactory cues, Potential exposure, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, Software engineering, virtual reality
@article{bausExposureUnpleasantOdour2017,
title = {Exposure to an unpleasant odour increases the sense of Presence in virtual reality},
author = {O. Baus and S. Bouchard},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020673524&doi=10.1007%2fs10055-016-0299-3&partnerID=40&md5=1395285889286214de4d258031f4d9f5},
doi = {10.1007/s10055-016-0299-3},
issn = {13594338 (ISSN)},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Virtual Reality},
volume = {21},
number = {2},
pages = {59–74},
publisher = {Springer London},
abstract = {While olfactory cues affect the everyday human experience in the physical world, few studies have empirically examined the effect they could have on the human experience in virtual reality (VR). This project’s goal was to determine whether the exposure to olfactory stimuli would affect the senses of Presence (primary measure), Reality and Realism (exploratory measures) in VR. In a virtual kitchen devoid of obvious visual cues linking the visual scene to an odour, three groups of 20 randomly assigned participants (12 females and 8 males per group), unaware of the potential exposure to olfactory stimuli, were exposed to either ambient air, a pleasant odour, or an unpleasant odour. The results reveal that the unpleasant odour had a statistically significant effect on the sense of Presence (as measured by repeated brief measures of Presence and the Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory), but the pleasant one did not. The lower perceived intensity of the pleasant odour may have contributed to its lower detection rate which, in turn, may have contributed to the pleasant odour’s lack of effect on the sense of Presence. Neither of the olfactory stimuli had an effect on either the sense of Reality or the sense of Realism. © 2016, Springer-Verlag London.},
keywords = {Detection rates, Odors, Odours, Olfaction, Olfactory cues, Potential exposure, Presence, Realism, Reality, Sense of presences, Software engineering, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While olfactory cues affect the everyday human experience in the physical world, few studies have empirically examined the effect they could have on the human experience in virtual reality (VR). This project’s goal was to determine whether the exposure to olfactory stimuli would affect the senses of Presence (primary measure), Reality and Realism (exploratory measures) in VR. In a virtual kitchen devoid of obvious visual cues linking the visual scene to an odour, three groups of 20 randomly assigned participants (12 females and 8 males per group), unaware of the potential exposure to olfactory stimuli, were exposed to either ambient air, a pleasant odour, or an unpleasant odour. The results reveal that the unpleasant odour had a statistically significant effect on the sense of Presence (as measured by repeated brief measures of Presence and the Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory), but the pleasant one did not. The lower perceived intensity of the pleasant odour may have contributed to its lower detection rate which, in turn, may have contributed to the pleasant odour’s lack of effect on the sense of Presence. Neither of the olfactory stimuli had an effect on either the sense of Reality or the sense of Realism. © 2016, Springer-Verlag London.