@article{delangle_speaking_2026,

title = {Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results},

author = {M. Delangle and A. Moïse-Richard and A. -L. Leclercq and D. Labbé and S. Bouchard and S. Andrews and L. Ménard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105028302364&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jfludis.2026.106194&partnerID=40&md5=af0d246f9187ee19796f36456887400b},

doi = {10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106194},

issn = {0094730X (ISSN)},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Fluency Disorders},

volume = {87},

abstract = {Purpose Speaking in class is challenging for students who stutter. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure in virtual reality (VR) emerges as a promising intervention for treating speaking anxiety in pediatric populations. This pilot study tested if real-time avatar-based VR can elicit anxiety responses while remaining acceptable to youth who stutter. Method Twelve students who stutter (aged 9–18) were randomly assigned to a single training session conducted either (1) in VR with a realistic avatar controlled live by their SLP, or (2) in role-play with their SLP, before facing a real actor. We assessed system acceptability, anxiety levels and perceived self-efficacy. Results The VR system was well accepted and elicited physiological arousal comparable to real-life interactions. Although participants reported experiencing less anxiety during VR, skin conductance level showed higher arousal; suggesting a divergence between the subjective report and physiological response. Finally, one training session (either in VR or with the SLP) did not produce gains in self-efficacy or decrease in anxiety related to the final real-actor conversation. Conclusion This study demonstrates evidence that the potential use of immersive VR could represent an acceptable and viable complementary strategy for SLP treatment, that could control exposure parameters while evoking physiological responses similar to real-life contexts. The differences between subjective and physiological measures suggest that VR is inducing anxiety responses differently than it was perceived. Further research could investigate the use of VR as anxiety interventions for students who stutter and should be explored across multi-session studies to understand their therapeutic effect. © 2026 The Authors.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Anxiety, Arousal, article, Avatar, avoidance behavior, Canada, Child, clinical article, cognitive behavioral therapy, complication, controlled study, distance learning, ecological validity, electrocardiogram, electrodermal response, exposure, female, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, human, Humans, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Likert scale, male, nonverbal communication, physiological stress, Pilot Projects, pilot study, procedures, psychology, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial, role playing, School-age children, Self Concept, Self Efficacy, self report, Signal processing, skin conductance, social anxiety, speech, student, Students, Stuttering, Therapy, treatment outcome, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{orskov_virtual_2025,

title = {Virtual reality-based exposure with 360° video as part of cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomized controlled trial},

author = {P. T. Ørskov and E. Runge and T. T. H. Sainte-Marie and M. T. Ernst and L. Clemmensen and C. H. Dalsgaard and M. B. Lichtenstein and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105009844371&doi=10.3389%2Ffrvir.2025.1588181&partnerID=40&md5=eb28bc502f030b1af4bff5592815253b},

doi = {10.3389/frvir.2025.1588181},

issn = {26734192 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality},

volume = {6},

abstract = {Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) has a high prevalence and an early onset. It often persists well into adulthood, turning into a chronic disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in treating SAD, but real-life exposure conducted as part of CBT is often costly and time-consuming, and imaginary exposure might lack realism and intensity. Virtual reality (VR)-based exposure using 360° video offers a promising way to deliver exposure therapy. Objective: To develop a complete psychotherapeutic treatment program including CBT with VR-based exposure using 360° videos (CBT-ExpVR) for adult patients with SAD and to test the treatment effect using the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) as the primary outcome. Methods: This three-arm randomized controlled trial involved 51 participants who were recruited through self-referral. The interventions took place at Center for Digital Psychiatry in Denmark. Participants were randomized via computer program to CBT-ExpVR, CBT with in vivo exposure (CBT-Exp), or an active control group offered VR relaxation (RlxVR). Afterwards, participants assigned to RlxVR were re-randomized to one of the two CBT interventions. Allocation was not blinded. Results: Intention-to-treat analysis showed that participants receiving CBT-ExpVR reported significantly fewer symptoms of social anxiety at post-treatment compared to pre-treatment, β = −14.89, 95% CI (−18.64, −11.14), p < 0.0001. At post-treatment, no difference in treatment effect was found between CBT-ExpVR and CBT-Exp, β = 3.643, 95% CI (−1.727, 9.013)},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media SA},

keywords = {360° video, cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure, randomized controlled trial, social anxiety disorder, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bouchard_conducting_2025,

title = {Conducting exposure in virtual reality for the treatment of social phobia does lead to change in dysfunctional beliefs},

author = {S. Bouchard and H. Forget},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105023856314&partnerID=40&md5=db4c4e86d7c32b544fe28c7fb6f9172b},

issn = {15548716 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine},

volume = {23},

pages = {258–264},

abstract = {This study used data from a randomized control trial on cognitive behavior therapy for social phobia testing the effectiveness of exposure conducted in virtual reality. Measures of cognitive mechanisms had been collected but never analyzed. The study was motivated by a recent publication mentioning that potential aversive outcomes of being judged in virtual reality and by virtual characters have no objective negative consequence in daily life. A sample of 51 adults completed outcome and cognitive mechanism measures at a pretreatment, after 14 weeks of treatment or being on a waiting list, and at a 6-month follow-up. Results demonstrate that conducting exposure in virtual reality led to reductions in dysfunctional beliefs about the perceived consequences of feared social threats, about the likelihood of these feared threats occurring, as well as an increase in perceived self-efficacy to face social situations. These changes were statistically significant when compared to the waiting list condition, remained stable at the 6-month follow-up, and were no less important than when exposure was conducted in vivo. All predictors significantly correlated (p < .001) with the two measures of treatment outcome. Further analyses of cognitive mechanism measures predicting treatment outcomes revealed that, when controlling for shared variance, changes in perceived likelihood and in self-efficacy contributed significantly to patients’ improvement, whereas the role of perceived consequences was only a predictor of self-efficacy. © 2025, Interactive Media Institute. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {adult, article, clinical article, cognitive behavioral therapy, controlled study, exposure, female, follow up, hospital admission, human, in vivo study, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, male, multiple regression, predictors of outcome, randomized controlled trial, social anxiety disorder, social phobia, Social Phobia Scale, threat, treatment duration, Treatment mechanisms, treatment outcome, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{quintana_engaging_2023,

title = {Engaging in Awkward Social Interactions in a Virtual Environment Designed for Exposure-Based Psychotherapy for People with Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder: An International Multisite Study},

author = {P. Quintana and S. Bouchard and C. Botella and G. Robillard and B. Serrano and A. Rodriguez-Ortega and M. Torp Ernst and B. Rey and M. Berthiaume and G. Corno},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165033932&doi=10.3390%2fjcm12134525&partnerID=40&md5=7b0f59b46ff7680611d5a64e18909651},

doi = {10.3390/jcm12134525},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {12},

number = {13},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {The effectiveness of in virtuo exposure-based treatment of performance-only social anxiety disorder (SAD) has been demonstrated in several studies. However, few studies have validated virtual environments with participants suffering from generalized SAD. The goal of this study is to confirm the potential of a virtual environment in inducing anxiety in adults suffering from generalized SAD, compared to adults without SAD, when engaged in awkward social interactions. Differences between participants from two different countries were also explored. The sample consisted of 15 participants with SAD from Canada, 17 participants without SAD from Canada, 16 participants with SAD from Spain, and 21 participants without SAD from Spain. All participants were immersed in a control virtual environment and in an experimental virtual environment considered potentially anxiety-inducing for individuals with generalized SAD. As hypothesized, results showed that the experimental virtual environment induced a higher level of anxiety than the control environment among participants with SAD compared to those without SAD. The impact on anxiety of each socially threatening task performed during the experimental immersion was statistically significant. In terms of anxiety responses, no significant differences were found between participants from Canada and Spain. However, spatial presence and ecological validity were higher in Canadians than in Spaniards. Unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in virtual reality were higher in the SAD group. This study highlights the importance for therapists to engage people with SAD in clinically relevant tasks while immersed in VR psychotherapeutic applications. © 2023 by the authors.},

note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

keywords = {adult, anxiety assessment, article, Canada, clinical article, controlled study, cultural differences, ecological validity, exposure, female, generalized social anxiety, human, immersion, male, multicenter study, psychotherapy, self report, social anxiety, social interaction, social phobia, Spain, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{orskov_cognitive_2022,

title = {Cognitive behavioral therapy with adaptive virtual reality exposure vs. cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial},

author = {P. T. Ørskov and M. B. Lichtenstein and M. T. Ernst and I. Fasterholdt and A. F. Matthiesen and M. Scirea and S. Bouchard and T. E. Andersen},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85140322564&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyt.2022.991755&partnerID=40&md5=1dacd4e05081f4790ccd5e0d7224e0ca},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991755},

issn = {16640640 (ISSN)},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {13},

publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},

abstract = {Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) has a high prevalence and an early onset with recovery taking decades to occur. Current evidence supports the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with virtual reality (VR) exposure. However, the evidence is based on a sparse number of studies with predominantly small sample sizes. There is a need for more trials investigating the optimal way of applying VR based exposure for SAD. In this trial, we will test the efficacy of CBT with adaptive VR exposure allowing adjustment of the exposure based on real-time monitoring of the participants's anxiety level. Methods: The trial is a randomized controlled, assessor-blinded, parallel-group superiority trail. The study has two arms: (1) CBT including exposure in vivo (CBT-Exp), (2) CBT including exposure therapy using individually tailored VR-content and a system to track anxiety levels (CBT-ExpVR). Treatment is individual, manual-based and consists of 10 weekly sessions with a duration of 60 min. The study includes 90 participants diagnosed with SAD. Assessments are carried out pre-treatment, mid-treatment and at follow-up (6 and 12 months). The primary outcome is the mean score on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) with the primary endpoint being post-treatment. Discussion: The study adds to the existing knowledge by assessing the efficacy of CBT with adaptive VR exposure. The study has high methodological rigor using a randomized controlled trial with a large sample size that includes follow-up data and validated measures for social anxiety outcomes. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05302518. Copyright © 2022 Ørskov, Lichtenstein, Ernst, Fasterholdt, Matthiesen, Scirea, Bouchard and Andersen.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.},

keywords = {adult, aged, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, anxiety assessment, Anxiety disorder, article, behavior disorder assessment, cognitive behavioral therapy, comparative effectiveness, controlled study, Depression, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, electrodermal activity, exposure, Fear of Negative Evaluation, follow up, health economics, Heart Rate, human, Leibowitz Anxiety Scale, Machine learning, major clinical study, psychological distress assessment, psychophysiological measurements, randomized controlled trial, Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, social anxiety, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, social phobia, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, therapy effect, treatment duration, treatment outcome, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy, Working Alliance Inventory},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{silva_childrens_2022,

title = {Children's perception of phobogenic stimuli in virtual reality},

author = {C. Silva and S. Bouchard and C. Bélanger},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117586475&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijcci.2021.100417&partnerID=40&md5=d853c1851b4b9574a7c67f2bce83b8e1},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100417},

issn = {22128689 (ISSN)},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction},

volume = {32},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Background: There has been a growing interest in treatments involving exposure in virtual reality (VR) for a number of anxiety disorders and phobias. Contrary to expectations, this technique has proven less popular with phobic children and is less appealing to them than to adults. The hypothesis is that children may be more apprehensive about virtual aversive stimuli than adults. Methods: In Study 1, the perception of virtual phobogenic stimuli was assessed in 523 participants between the ages of 7 and 60. To analyze to what extent anxiety and phobic fear predict apprehension, 38 school-aged children took part in Study 2. Results: The results show that children apprehend phobic virtual stimulus more than adults and that apprehension is associated with specific phobic fear rather than a general anxiety state. Conclusion: Results are discussed in terms of clinical interest, children's cognitive development, and a priori fear of virtual reality stimuli. © 2021},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {Age-differences, Anxiety, Apprehension, Children, exposure, Spider phobia, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{clemmensen_study_2020,

title = {Study protocol: Exposure in virtual reality for social anxiety disorder-a randomized controlled superiority trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposure to cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure},

author = {L. Clemmensen and S. Bouchard and J. Rasmussen and T. T. Holmberg and J. H. Nielsen and J. R. Mø. Jepsen and M. B. Lichtenstein},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078711155&doi=10.1186%2fs12888-020-2453-4&partnerID=40&md5=28b076f10bf189f7c90b8bed4c719200},

doi = {10.1186/s12888-020-2453-4},

issn = {1471244X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {BMC Psychiatry},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Background: Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterized by an intense fear of negative judgement by others. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is recommended for treatment, but a substantial part of individuals with SAD either do not seek treatment or drop-out. CBT with Virtual Reality (VR)-based exposure has several advantages compared to traditional exposure methods, mainly due to increased control of situational elements. The aim of the current study is to develop a CBT program containing VR-based exposure. The intervention is targeted to adult patients suffering from SAD and treatment effect will be assessed by changes in SAD symptoms. Methods: This article describes the study protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial with three arms: 1) CBT with VR exposure based on 360° videos 2) CBT with in vivo exposure and 3) VR relaxation therapy. There will be 30 participants in each arm with a crossover at the end of the treatment period during which the participants in the third group will be randomly re-Allocated to one of the two former groups. The treatment program consists of 10 weekly individual sessions with a psychologist, and a six month follow-up consisting of a questionnaire. The primary outcome measure is reduction in SAD symptoms which will be assessed with the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Discussion: There are currently no published studies on CBT with VR exposure based on 360° videos for SAD treatment. Furthermore, the current study will be the first Danish SAD treatment program that includes VR technology. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03973541) June 3rd 2019. © 2020 The Author(s).},

note = {Publisher: BioMed Central},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety, article, clinical effectiveness, cognitive behavioral therapy, controlled study, exposure, follow up, health program, human, Humans, in vivo study, outcome assessment, phobia, psychologist, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial, relaxation training, Social, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, social phobia, treatment outcome, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{quintana_effect_2019,

title = {The effect of exposure to fear-related body odorants on anxiety and interpersonal trust toward a virtual character},

author = {P. Quintana and K. Nolet and O. Baus and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074305238&doi=10.1093%2fchemse%2fbjz063&partnerID=40&md5=50ec319370e1688498abfa845c7ec343},

doi = {10.1093/chemse/bjz063},

issn = {0379864X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Senses},

volume = {44},

number = {9},

pages = {683–692},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {A growing body of literature documents how exposure to another person's fear-related body odorants can increase one's own anxiety and interfere with processing of social information, such as facial expression and impression formation. Building on these results, we aimed to 1) test the hypothesis that exposure to fear-related odorant would affect impression formation through fear contagion and 2) verify whether these effects can be observed in an ecologically valid (i.e., virtual) environment. We proposed that exposure to fear-related odorant would cause receivers to feel more anxious, which in turn would lead them to report less trust toward an unknown virtual character. This study had 2 distinct phases. First, we collected perspiration odorants from the armpits of 12 male senders (i.e., the source of the odorant) during the viewing of either fear or joy inducing film clips. In the second phase, 53 women receivers were exposed to either a fear, joy, or neutral odorant (i.e., between-subjects design) by breathing through a gauze attached to a disposable respirator mask while immersed in a virtual bar. As expected, receivers exposed to fear odorants felt significantly more stressed. Mediation analysis also revealed an indirect effect of exposure on trust through anxiety. More specifically, the more anxious the receiver felt, the less she trusted the virtual character. Our results show for the first time that the impact of exposure to fear-related body odorants on negative interpersonal impression formation is mediated by the anxiety induced in the receiver. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.},

note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety, article, body odor, body odorant, chemistry, controlled study, emotion, Emotions, exposure, Fear, female, fragrance, happiness, human, human experiment, Humans, male, metabolism, Middle Aged, odor, Odorants, pathology, Pleasure, priority journal, Sweat, sweating, Trust, unclassified drug, virtual reality, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{laforest_effectiveness_2016,

title = {Effectiveness of in virtuo exposure and response prevention treatment using cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A study based on a single-case study protocol},

author = {M. Laforest and S. Bouchard and J. Bossé and O. Mesly},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84977551825&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyt.2016.00099&partnerID=40&md5=8aaf926230112d06a0c1e629e49b51c6},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00099},

issn = {16640640 (ISSN)},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {7},

number = {JUN},

publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},

abstract = {Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of distressing, recurrent and intrusive thoughts, impulses, or doubts as well as behavioral or mental rituals. OCD has various subtypes, including the fear of contamination in which individuals fear bacteria, germs, disease, or bodily secretions, and engage in clinically significant cleaning and avoidance rituals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for OCD and involves, among other therapeutic strategies, exposing patients to feared stimuli while preventing them to engage in compulsive behaviors. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has shown the potential of in virtuo exposure with people suffering from anxiety disorders and OCD. The objective of this pilotstudy is to examine the effectiveness of a CBT program where exposure in conducted in virtuo. Three adults suffering from OCD with a dominant subtype of contamination were enrolled in a single-case design with multiple baselines across participants. The presence and intensity of obsessions and compulsions were assessed daily during baselines of 3-, 4-, or 5-week, and a 12-session treatment. Follow-up information was gathered after 4 and 8 months. Treatment outcome is assessed with visual inspection of the graphs and ARMA time-series analyses. Clinical information, self-reports, and details of the treatment are provided for each patient. Statistical analyses for the time-series data revealed a statistically significant improvement in all three participants, but global improvement is considered positive for only two. This study innovates in proving preliminary support for the usefulness of VR in the CBT of OCD with contamination features. © 2016 Laforest, Bouchard, Bossé and Mesly.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation},

keywords = {adult, aged, article, CBT, clinical effectiveness, cognitive behavioral therapy, disease severity, exposure, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, hypnosis, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, pilot study, psychologic assessment, Response prevention, self report, treatment duration, treatment outcome, treatment response, virtual reality, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{grenier_using_2015,

title = {Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: Preliminary recommendations for future research},

author = {S. Grenier and H. Forget and S. Bouchard and S. Isere and S. Belleville and O. Potvin and M. -È. Rioux and M. Talbot and N. A. Pachana and R. C. Oude Voshaar},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931830085&doi=10.1017%2fS1041610214002300&partnerID=40&md5=6a937a7a7f13fca31c84fc7859b365d0},

doi = {10.1017/S1041610214002300},

issn = {10416102},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Psychogeriatrics},

volume = {27},

number = {7},

pages = {1217–1225},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using traditional exposure techniques (i.e. imaginal and in vivo) seems less effective to treat anxiety in older adults than in younger ones. This is particularly true when imaginal exposure is used to confront the older patient to inaccessible (e.g. fear of flying) or less tangible/controllable anxiety triggers (e.g. fear of illness). Indeed, imaginal exposure may become less effective as the person gets older since normal aging is characterized by the decline in cognitive functions involved in the creation of vivid/detailed mental images. One way to circumvent this difficulty is to expose the older patient to a virtual environment that does not require the ability to imagine the frightening situation. In virtuo exposure has proven to be efficient to treat anxiety in working-age people. In virtuo exposure could be employed to improve the efficacy of CBT with exposure sessions in the treatment of late-life anxiety? The current paper explores this question and suggests new research avenues. Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2014.},

note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},

keywords = {adult, aged, aging, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, clinical effectiveness, cognition, cognitive defect, cognitive therapy, Depression, disease association, exposure, Fear, generalized anxiety disorder, gerontopsychiatry, human, Humans, late life anxiety disorder, panic, patient counseling, posttraumatic stress disorder, procedures, psychology, randomized controlled trial (topic), relaxation training, Research, review, Social Support, treatment outcome, trends, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}