@article{antonioLatentClassesProximal2026,

title = {Latent Classes of Proximal Traumatic Exposure Among Portuguese Police and Security Professionals: Associations with PTSD Symptoms and Psychological Distress},

author = {H. António and S. Albuquerque and M. Vieira de Castro and S. Bouchard and P. Gamito and R. J. Pinto},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105048524559?origin=resultslist},

doi = {10.3390/psychiatryint7040173},

issn = {26735318 (ISSN)},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-01-01},

journal = {Psychiatry International},

volume = {7},

number = {4},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {Background: Police and security professionals are routinely exposed to potentially traumatic events as part of occupational duties, placing them at increased risk for post-traumatic stress and broader psychological difficulties. This study aimed to identify latent classes of proximal traumatic exposure among Portuguese police/security professionals and examine their associations with PTSD symptoms and general psychological distress. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with Portuguese police/security professionals (N = 644). Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to 17 indicators of potentially traumatic events coded as directly experienced or witnessed, derived from the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and general psychological distress was assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory. Exploratory receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses examined whether counts of proximal traumatic events could approximate the LCA-derived classes. Results: A three-class solution was identified, comprising low proximal exposure (37.3%), moderate proximal exposure (40.7%), and high proximal/cumulative exposure (22.0%) classes. The classes reflected a graded cumulative pattern of exposure across traumatic event categories, rather than clearly distinct qualitative configurations defined by specific event types. Higher exposure classes were associated with progressively higher PTSD symptoms and psychological distress, and these associations remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic and occupational variables. Exploratory receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed that a simple count of proximal traumatic event categories closely approximated the empirically derived class structure within the present sample. However, the resulting thresholds are sample-specific, exploratory, and should not be interpreted as validated screening cutoffs. Conclusions: Proximal traumatic exposure among police/security professionals appears to follow a graded cumulative structure associated with increased PTSD symptoms and psychological distress. The person-centered analysis provided an empirical test of whether exposure was organized according to qualitatively distinct event configurations or primarily along a cumulative gradient. In this sample, cumulative exposure burden emerged as the dominant organizing dimension. The count-based approximation requires external validation before any screening or decision-making application can be considered. © 2026 by the authors.},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety, article, cross-sectional study, decision making, Depression, DSM-5, female, Global Severity Index, hostility, human, human experiment, Latent Class Analysis, LEC-5, major clinical study, male, paranoia, phobia, police, Positive symptom distress index, Positive symptom total, posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder checklist, Proximal Traumatic Exposure, psychological distress, psychosis, PTSD, questionnaire, receiver operating characteristic, Security, security professionals, self report, sociodemographics, trauma exposure},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{larochelle_intolerance_2025,

title = {Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotion Dysregulation as Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity in a Clinical Population},

author = {S. Larochelle and M. J. Dugas and F. Langlois and P. Gosselin and G. Belleville and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-86000587548&doi=10.3390%2Fjcm14051502&partnerID=40&md5=7a364fe831d85eff0f0f7121657649e5},

doi = {10.3390/jcm14051502},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {14},

number = {5},

abstract = {Background/objectives: Several factors have been shown to play a role in the development and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), including intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation. Although the individual contribution of both of these factors is well documented, their combined effect has yet to be studied in a clinical population with GAD. The aim of the present study was to examine the relative contribution of intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation to the prediction of worry and GAD severity in adults with GAD. Methods: The sample consisted of 108 participants diagnosed with GAD. The participants completed measures of worry, GAD severity, depressive symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotion dysregulation. Results: Multiple regression indicated that both intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation significantly contributed to both worry and GAD severity, over and above the contribution of depressive symptoms. Of note, the model explained 36% of the variance in GAD severity scores. Conclusions: The present results provide preliminary evidence of complementarity among dominant models of GAD, and point to the potential role of integrative conceptualizations and treatment strategies for GAD. © 2025 by the authors.},

note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

keywords = {adult, aged, article, Beck Depression Inventory, clinical population, comorbidity, controlled study, Depression, difficulties in emotion regulation scale, disease severity, emotion, emotion dysregulation, emotion regulation, employment status, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, intolerance of uncertainty, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, major clinical study, male, patient worry, penn state worry questionnaire, prediction, predictive model, psychotherapy, Severity of Illness Index, sociodemographics, theoretical model},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{larochelleIntoleranceUncertaintyEmotion2025,

title = {Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotion Dysregulation as Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity in a Clinical Population},

author = {S. Larochelle and M. J. Dugas and F. Langlois and P. Gosselin and G. Belleville and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/86000587548?origin=resultslist},

doi = {10.3390/jcm14051502},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {14},

number = {5},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {Background/objectives: Several factors have been shown to play a role in the development and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), including intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation. Although the individual contribution of both of these factors is well documented, their combined effect has yet to be studied in a clinical population with GAD. The aim of the present study was to examine the relative contribution of intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation to the prediction of worry and GAD severity in adults with GAD. Methods: The sample consisted of 108 participants diagnosed with GAD. The participants completed measures of worry, GAD severity, depressive symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotion dysregulation. Results: Multiple regression indicated that both intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation significantly contributed to both worry and GAD severity, over and above the contribution of depressive symptoms. Of note, the model explained 36% of the variance in GAD severity scores. Conclusions: The present results provide preliminary evidence of complementarity among dominant models of GAD, and point to the potential role of integrative conceptualizations and treatment strategies for GAD. © 2025 by the authors.},

keywords = {adult, aged, article, Beck Depression Inventory, clinical population, comorbidity, controlled study, Depression, difficulties in emotion regulation scale, disease severity, emotion, emotion dysregulation, emotion regulation, employment status, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, intolerance of uncertainty, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, major clinical study, male, patient worry, penn state worry questionnaire, prediction, predictive model, psychotherapy, Severity of Illness Index, sociodemographics, theoretical model},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{larochelleIntoleranceUncertaintyEmotion2025a,

title = {Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotion Dysregulation as Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity in a Clinical Population},

author = {S. Larochelle and M. J. Dugas and F. Langlois and P. Gosselin and G. Belleville and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-86000587548&doi=10.3390%2Fjcm14051502&partnerID=40&md5=7a364fe831d85eff0f0f7121657649e5},

doi = {10.3390/jcm14051502},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {14},

number = {5},

abstract = {Background/objectives: Several factors have been shown to play a role in the development and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), including intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation. Although the individual contribution of both of these factors is well documented, their combined effect has yet to be studied in a clinical population with GAD. The aim of the present study was to examine the relative contribution of intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation to the prediction of worry and GAD severity in adults with GAD. Methods: The sample consisted of 108 participants diagnosed with GAD. The participants completed measures of worry, GAD severity, depressive symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotion dysregulation. Results: Multiple regression indicated that both intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation significantly contributed to both worry and GAD severity, over and above the contribution of depressive symptoms. Of note, the model explained 36% of the variance in GAD severity scores. Conclusions: The present results provide preliminary evidence of complementarity among dominant models of GAD, and point to the potential role of integrative conceptualizations and treatment strategies for GAD. © 2025 by the authors.},

keywords = {adult, aged, article, Beck Depression Inventory, clinical population, comorbidity, controlled study, Depression, difficulties in emotion regulation scale, disease severity, emotion, emotion dysregulation, emotion regulation, employment status, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, intolerance of uncertainty, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, major clinical study, male, patient worry, penn state worry questionnaire, prediction, predictive model, psychotherapy, Severity of Illness Index, sociodemographics, theoretical model},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}