Slide
Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
1.
Blais, C.; Fiset, D.; Roy, C.; Régimbald, C. S.; Gosselin, F.
Eye fixation patterns for categorizing static and dynamic facial Expressions Journal Article
In: Emotion, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1107–1119, 2017, ISSN: 15283542 (ISSN), (Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, anatomy and histology, Bubbles, Dynamic, emotion, Emotions, Eye, eye fixation, Eye movements, eye tracking, Facial Expression, facial expressions, female, Fixation, human, Humans, male, Mouth, Ocular, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, PsycINFO, stimulus, Visual strategies, Young Adult
@article{blais_eye_2017,
title = {Eye fixation patterns for categorizing static and dynamic facial Expressions},
author = {C. Blais and D. Fiset and C. Roy and C. S. Régimbald and F. Gosselin},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016754655&doi=10.1037%2femo0000283&partnerID=40&md5=baecd8d6500d1447d48a399497611ccd},
doi = {10.1037/emo0000283},
issn = {15283542 (ISSN)},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Emotion},
volume = {17},
number = {7},
pages = {1107–1119},
abstract = {Facial expressions of emotion are dynamic in nature, but most studies on the visual strategies underlying the recognition of facial emotions have used static stimuli. The present study directly compared the visual strategies underlying the recognition of static and dynamic facial expressions using eye tracking and the Bubbles technique. The results revealed different eye fixation patterns with the 2 kinds of stimuli, with fewer fixations on the eye and mouth area during the recognition of dynamic than static expressions. However, these differences in eye fixations were not accompanied by any systematic differences in the facial information that was actually processed to recognize the expressions. © 2017 American Psychological Association.},
note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.},
keywords = {adult, anatomy and histology, Bubbles, Dynamic, emotion, Emotions, Eye, eye fixation, Eye movements, eye tracking, Facial Expression, facial expressions, female, Fixation, human, Humans, male, Mouth, Ocular, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, PsycINFO, stimulus, Visual strategies, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Facial expressions of emotion are dynamic in nature, but most studies on the visual strategies underlying the recognition of facial emotions have used static stimuli. The present study directly compared the visual strategies underlying the recognition of static and dynamic facial expressions using eye tracking and the Bubbles technique. The results revealed different eye fixation patterns with the 2 kinds of stimuli, with fewer fixations on the eye and mouth area during the recognition of dynamic than static expressions. However, these differences in eye fixations were not accompanied by any systematic differences in the facial information that was actually processed to recognize the expressions. © 2017 American Psychological Association.
2.
Blais, C.; Roy, C.; Fiset, D.; Arguin, M.; Gosselin, F.
The eyes are not the window to basic emotions Journal Article
In: Neuropsychologia, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 2830–2838, 2012, ISSN: 00283932.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, analytic method, article, association, association cortex, cognition, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), discriminative stimulus, dynamic stimulus, emotion, Emotions, Eye, Facial Expression, female, Fixation, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Mouth, normal human, Ocular, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, static stimulus, task performance, Visual, visual discrimination, visual information, visual memory, visual system function, Young Adult
@article{blais_eyes_2012,
title = {The eyes are not the window to basic emotions},
author = {C. Blais and C. Roy and D. Fiset and M. Arguin and F. Gosselin},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865829171&doi=10.1016%2fj.neuropsychologia.2012.08.010&partnerID=40&md5=8a46d347f96ea9bd94bd161b6f1e8b92},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.010},
issn = {00283932},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {50},
number = {12},
pages = {2830–2838},
abstract = {Facial expressions are one of the most important ways to communicate our emotional state. In popular culture and in the scientific literature on face processing, the eye area is often conceived as a very important - if not the most important - cue for the recognition of facial expressions. In support of this, an underutilization of the eye area is often observed in clinical populations with a deficit in the recognition of facial expressions of emotions. Here, we used the Bubbles technique to verify which facial cue is the most important when it comes to discriminating between eight static and dynamic facial expressions (i.e., six basic emotions, pain and a neutral expression). We found that the mouth area is the most important cue for both static and dynamic facial expressions. We conducted an ideal observer analysis on the static expressions and determined that the mouth area is the most informative. However, we found an underutilization of the eye area by human participants in comparison to the ideal observer. We then demonstrated that the mouth area contains the most discriminative motions across expressions. We propose that the greater utilization of the mouth area by the human participants might come from remnants of the strategy the brain has developed with dynamic stimuli, and/or from a strategy whereby the most informative area is prioritized due to the limited capacity of the visuo-cognitive system. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},
keywords = {adult, analytic method, article, association, association cortex, cognition, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), discriminative stimulus, dynamic stimulus, emotion, Emotions, Eye, Facial Expression, female, Fixation, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Mouth, normal human, Ocular, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, static stimulus, task performance, Visual, visual discrimination, visual information, visual memory, visual system function, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Facial expressions are one of the most important ways to communicate our emotional state. In popular culture and in the scientific literature on face processing, the eye area is often conceived as a very important - if not the most important - cue for the recognition of facial expressions. In support of this, an underutilization of the eye area is often observed in clinical populations with a deficit in the recognition of facial expressions of emotions. Here, we used the Bubbles technique to verify which facial cue is the most important when it comes to discriminating between eight static and dynamic facial expressions (i.e., six basic emotions, pain and a neutral expression). We found that the mouth area is the most important cue for both static and dynamic facial expressions. We conducted an ideal observer analysis on the static expressions and determined that the mouth area is the most informative. However, we found an underutilization of the eye area by human participants in comparison to the ideal observer. We then demonstrated that the mouth area contains the most discriminative motions across expressions. We propose that the greater utilization of the mouth area by the human participants might come from remnants of the strategy the brain has developed with dynamic stimuli, and/or from a strategy whereby the most informative area is prioritized due to the limited capacity of the visuo-cognitive system. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
3.
Blais, C.; Jack, R. E.; Scheepers, C.; Fiset, D.; Caldara, R.
Culture shapes how we look at faces Journal Article
In: PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 8, 2008, ISSN: 19326203 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, article, Asian, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Caucasian, Classification, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cultural anthropology, cultural factor, Culture, East Asian, European Continental Ancestry Group, Eye, eye fixation, eye movement, Eye movements, Face, face asymmetry, face recognition, female, Fixation, histology, human, human experiment, Humans, Learning, male, methodology, Mouth, normal human, Nose, observer variation, Ocular, physiology, race difference, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), vision, visual memory, Visual Perception
@article{blais_culture_2008,
title = {Culture shapes how we look at faces},
author = {C. Blais and R. E. Jack and C. Scheepers and D. Fiset and R. Caldara},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51549087752&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0003022&partnerID=40&md5=e75dcf9792dbd03fd1ef5894b81bfc4f},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0003022},
issn = {19326203 (ISSN)},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {3},
number = {8},
abstract = {Background: Face processing, amongst many basic visual skills, is thought to be invariant across all humans. From as early as 1965, studies of eye movements have consistently revealed a systematic triangular sequence of fixations over the eyes and the mouth, suggesting that faces elicit a universal, biologically-determined information extraction pattern. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we monitored the eye movements of Western Caucasian and East Asian observers while they learned, recognized, and categorized by race Western Caucasian and East Asian faces. Western Caucasian observers reproduced a scattered triangular pattern of fixations for faces of both races and across tasks. Contrary to intuition, East Asian observers focused more on the central region of the face. Conclusions/Significance: These results demonstrate that face processing can no longer be considered as arising from a universal series of perceptual events. The strategy employed to extract visual information from faces differs across cultures. © 2008 Blais et al.},
keywords = {adult, article, Asian, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Caucasian, Classification, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cultural anthropology, cultural factor, Culture, East Asian, European Continental Ancestry Group, Eye, eye fixation, eye movement, Eye movements, Face, face asymmetry, face recognition, female, Fixation, histology, human, human experiment, Humans, Learning, male, methodology, Mouth, normal human, Nose, observer variation, Ocular, physiology, race difference, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), vision, visual memory, Visual Perception},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Face processing, amongst many basic visual skills, is thought to be invariant across all humans. From as early as 1965, studies of eye movements have consistently revealed a systematic triangular sequence of fixations over the eyes and the mouth, suggesting that faces elicit a universal, biologically-determined information extraction pattern. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we monitored the eye movements of Western Caucasian and East Asian observers while they learned, recognized, and categorized by race Western Caucasian and East Asian faces. Western Caucasian observers reproduced a scattered triangular pattern of fixations for faces of both races and across tasks. Contrary to intuition, East Asian observers focused more on the central region of the face. Conclusions/Significance: These results demonstrate that face processing can no longer be considered as arising from a universal series of perceptual events. The strategy employed to extract visual information from faces differs across cultures. © 2008 Blais et al.