@article{royer_greater_2018,

title = {Greater reliance on the eye region predicts better face recognition ability},

author = {J. Royer and C. Blais and I. Charbonneau and K. Déry and J. Tardif and B. Duchaine and F. Gosselin and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051252949&doi=10.1016%2fj.cognition.2018.08.004&partnerID=40&md5=e1af5e939ec7381c82ff3d13d1c3cc51},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.004},

issn = {00100277},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {181},

pages = {12–20},

abstract = {Interest in using individual differences in face recognition ability to better understand the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms supporting face processing has grown substantially in recent years. The goal of this study was to determine how varying levels of face recognition ability are linked to changes in visual information extraction strategies in an identity recognition task. To address this question, fifty participants completed six tasks measuring face and object processing abilities. Using the Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001), we also measured each individual's use of visual information in face recognition. At the group level, our results replicate previous findings demonstrating the importance of the eye region for face identification. More importantly, we show that face processing ability is related to a systematic increase in the use of the eye area, especially the left eye from the observer's perspective. Indeed, our results suggest that the use of this region accounts for approximately 20% of the variance in face processing ability. These results support the idea that individual differences in face processing are at least partially related to the perceptual extraction strategy used during face identification. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, article, clinical article, extraction, Eye, Facial Recognition, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), visual information, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{leveille_sex-related_2017,

title = {Sex-Related Differences in Emotion Recognition in Multi-concussed Athletes},

author = {E. Léveillé and S. Guay and C. Blais and P. Scherzer and L. De Beaumont},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006263332&doi=10.1017%2fS1355617716001004&partnerID=40&md5=6bc93610c2ed3afe6f83ee371bb7caa4},

doi = {10.1017/S1355617716001004},

issn = {13556177},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society},

volume = {23},

number = {1},

pages = {65–77},

abstract = {Objectives: Concussion is defined as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain. Although the cumulative and long-term effects of multiple concussions are now well documented on cognitive and motor function, little is known about their effects on emotion recognition. Recent studies have suggested that concussion can result in emotional sequelae, particularly in females and multi-concussed athletes. The objective of this study was to investigate sex-related differences in emotion recognition in asymptomatic male and female multi-concussed athletes. Methods: We tested 28 control athletes (15 males) and 22 multi-concussed athletes (10 males) more than a year since the last concussion. Participants completed the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, a neuropsychological test battery and a morphed emotion recognition task. Pictures of a male face expressing basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) morphed with another emotion were randomly presented. After each face presentation, participants were asked to indicate the emotion expressed by the face. Results: Results revealed significant sex by group interactions in accuracy and intensity threshold for negative emotions, together with significant main effects of emotion and group. Conclusions: Male concussed athletes were significantly impaired in recognizing negative emotions and needed more emotional intensity to correctly identify these emotions, compared to same-sex controls. In contrast, female concussed athletes performed similarly to same-sex controls. These findings suggest that sex significantly modulates concussion effects on emotional facial expression recognition. © 2016 The International Neuropsychological Society.},

note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},

keywords = {adult, analysis of variance, Athletic Injuries, complication, Facial Expression, female, human, Humans, male, mood disorder, Mood Disorders, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, Post-Concussion Syndrome, postconcussion syndrome, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), Sex Characteristics, sexual characteristics, sport injury, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{royer_efficient_2016,

title = {Efficient visual information for unfamiliar face matching despite viewpoint variations: It's not in the eyes!},

author = {J. Royer and C. Blais and V. Barnabé-Lortie and M. Carré and J. Leclerc and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84968779426&doi=10.1016%2fj.visres.2016.04.004&partnerID=40&md5=4c63f6eea279f7322c9af23ae9ed22c1},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.04.004},

issn = {00426989 (ISSN)},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {123},

pages = {33–40},

abstract = {Faces are encountered in highly diverse angles in real-world settings. Despite this considerable diversity, most individuals are able to easily recognize familiar faces. The vast majority of studies in the field of face recognition have nonetheless focused almost exclusively on frontal views of faces. Indeed, a number of authors have investigated the diagnostic facial features for the recognition of frontal views of faces previously encoded in this same view. However, the nature of the information useful for identity matching when the encoded face and test face differ in viewing angle remains mostly unexplored. The present study addresses this issue using individual differences and bubbles, a method that pinpoints the facial features effectively used in a visual categorization task. Our results indicate that the use of features located in the center of the face, the lower left portion of the nose area and the center of the mouth, are significantly associated with individual efficiency to generalize a face's identity across different viewpoints. However, as faces become more familiar, the reliance on this area decreases, while the diagnosticity of the eye region increases. This suggests that a certain distinction can be made between the visual mechanisms subtending viewpoint invariance and face recognition in the case of unfamiliar face identification. Our results further support the idea that the eye area may only come into play when the face stimulus is particularly familiar to the observer. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {accuracy, adult, article, association, attention, Bubbles, Evoked Potentials, eye fixation, Face, face profile, face recognition, Facial Recognition, facies, female, Fixation, human, human experiment, Humans, Image analysis, Individual differences, male, Ocular, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, priority journal, procedures, Psychophysics, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), regression analysis, task performance, unfamiliar face matching, viewpoint variation, Viewpoint variations, Visual, visual discrimination, visual evoked potential, visual information, visual memory, visual stimulation, visual system parameters, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{royer_when_2015,

title = {When less is more: Impact of face processing ability on recognition of visually degraded faces},

author = {J. Royer and C. Blais and F. Gosselin and J. Duncan and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942551671&doi=10.1037%2fxhp0000095&partnerID=40&md5=91cc3fb5dcea3655e417eaf2e0290bf6},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0000095},

issn = {00961523},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {41},

number = {5},

pages = {1179–1183},

abstract = {It is generally thought that faces are perceived as indissociable wholes. As a result, many assume that hiding large portions of the face by the addition of noise or by masking limits or qualitatively alters natural "expert" face processing by forcing observers to use atypical processing mechanisms. We addressed this question by measuring face processing abilities with whole faces and with Bubbles (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001), an extreme masking method thought by some to bias the observers toward the use of atypical processing mechanisms by limiting the use of whole-face strategies. We obtained a strong and negative correlation between individual face processing ability and the number of bubbles (r = -.79), and this correlation remained strong even after controlling for general visual/cognitive processing ability (rpartial = -.72). In other words, the better someone is at processing faces, the fewer facial parts they need to accurately carry out this task. Thus, contrary to what many researchers assume, face processing mechanisms appear to be quite insensitive to the visual impoverishment of the face stimulus. © 2015 American Psychological Association.},

note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Aptitude, Facial Recognition, human, Humans, Individuality, perception, Perceptual Masking, physiology, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fiset_spatio-temporal_2009,

title = {The spatio-temporal dynamics of visual letter recognition},

author = {D. Fiset and C. Blais and M. Arguin and K. Tadros and C. Éthier-Majcher and D. Bub and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649525418&doi=10.1080%2f02643290802421160&partnerID=40&md5=bca7bda93d59994f2679faff9d93f46a},

doi = {10.1080/02643290802421160},

issn = {02643294},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},

volume = {26},

number = {1},

pages = {23–35},

abstract = {We applied the Bubbles technique to reveal directly the spatio-temporal features of uppercase Arial letter identification. We asked four normal readers to each identify 26,000 letters that were randomly sampled in space and time; afterwards, we performed multiple linear regressions on the participant's response accuracy and the space-time samples. We contend that each cluster of connected significant regression coefficients is a letter feature. To bridge the gap between the letter identification literature and this experiment, we also determined the relative importance of the features proposed in the letter identification literature. Results show clear modulations of the relative importance of the letter features of some letters across time, demonstrating that letter features are not always extracted simultaneously at constant speeds. Furthermore, of all the feature classes proposed in the literature, line terminations and horizontals appear to be the two most important for letter identification. © 2008 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.},

keywords = {article, bootstrapping, Bubbles technique, Discrimination Learning, human, Humans, Image analysis, linear regression analysis, methodology, Models, Nonlinear Dynamics, nonlinear system, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, priority journal, Psychological, psychological model, reaction time, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), task performance, temporal summation, time, Time Factors, Visual, word recognition},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jack_cultural_2009,

title = {Cultural Confusions Show that Facial Expressions Are Not Universal},

author = {R. E. Jack and C. Blais and C. Scheepers and P. G. Schyns and R. Caldara},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349289081&doi=10.1016%2fj.cub.2009.07.051&partnerID=40&md5=aedea29c81d3dcc7498c634bf1044e53},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.051},

issn = {09609822 (ISSN)},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {19},

number = {18},

pages = {1543–1548},

abstract = {Central to all human interaction is the mutual understanding of emotions, achieved primarily by a set of biologically rooted social signals evolved for this purpose-facial expressions of emotion. Although facial expressions are widely considered to be the universal language of emotion [1-3], some negative facial expressions consistently elicit lower recognition levels among Eastern compared to Western groups (see [4] for a meta-analysis and [5, 6] for review). Here, focusing on the decoding of facial expression signals, we merge behavioral and computational analyses with novel spatiotemporal analyses of eye movements, showing that Eastern observers use a culture-specific decoding strategy that is inadequate to reliably distinguish universal facial expressions of "fear" and "disgust." Rather than distributing their fixations evenly across the face as Westerners do, Eastern observers persistently fixate the eye region. Using a model information sampler, we demonstrate that by persistently fixating the eyes, Eastern observers sample ambiguous information, thus causing significant confusion. Our results question the universality of human facial expressions of emotion, highlighting their true complexity, with critical consequences for cross-cultural communication and globalization. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {adult, article, confusion, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cultural anthropology, Cultural Characteristics, cultural factor, Culture, emotion, Emotions, ethnology, eye movement, Eye movements, Facial Expression, Far East, female, human, human relation, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, male, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), SYSNEURO, Western World},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fiset_features_2008,

title = {Features for identification of uppercase and lowercase letters: Research article},

author = {D. Fiset and C. Blais and C. Éthier-Majcher and M. Arguin and D. Bub and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57349093513&doi=10.1111%2fj.1467-9280.2008.02218.x&partnerID=40&md5=63c800273bf25eb2c6d5c0cf8c2b714a},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02218.x},

issn = {09567976},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {19},

number = {11},

pages = {1161–1168},

abstract = {The determination of the visual features mediating letter identification has a long-standing history in cognitive science. Researchers have proposed many sets of letter features as important for letter identification, but no such sets have yet been derived directly from empirical data. In the study reported here, we applied the Bubbles technique to reveal directly which areas at five different spatial scales are efficient for the identification of lowercase and uppercase Arial letters. We provide the first empirical evidence that line terminations are the most important features for letter identification. We propose that these small features, represented at several spatial scales, help readers to discriminate among visually similar letters. © Copyright © 2008 Association for Psychological Science.},

keywords = {article, human, Humans, Linguistics, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), vision, Visual Perception},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{blais_culture_2008,

title = {Culture shapes how we look at faces},

author = {C. Blais and R. E. Jack and C. Scheepers and D. Fiset and R. Caldara},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51549087752&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0003022&partnerID=40&md5=e75dcf9792dbd03fd1ef5894b81bfc4f},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0003022},

issn = {19326203 (ISSN)},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {3},

number = {8},

abstract = {Background: Face processing, amongst many basic visual skills, is thought to be invariant across all humans. From as early as 1965, studies of eye movements have consistently revealed a systematic triangular sequence of fixations over the eyes and the mouth, suggesting that faces elicit a universal, biologically-determined information extraction pattern. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we monitored the eye movements of Western Caucasian and East Asian observers while they learned, recognized, and categorized by race Western Caucasian and East Asian faces. Western Caucasian observers reproduced a scattered triangular pattern of fixations for faces of both races and across tasks. Contrary to intuition, East Asian observers focused more on the central region of the face. Conclusions/Significance: These results demonstrate that face processing can no longer be considered as arising from a universal series of perceptual events. The strategy employed to extract visual information from faces differs across cultures. © 2008 Blais et al.},

keywords = {adult, article, Asian, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Caucasian, Classification, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cultural anthropology, cultural factor, Culture, East Asian, European Continental Ancestry Group, Eye, eye fixation, eye movement, Eye movements, Face, face asymmetry, face recognition, female, Fixation, histology, human, human experiment, Humans, Learning, male, methodology, Mouth, normal human, Nose, observer variation, Ocular, physiology, race difference, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), vision, visual memory, Visual Perception},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}