@article{sheehy_development_2024,

title = {Development and Initial Testing of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Virtual Reality Companion for People Living with Dementia in Long-Term Care},

author = {L. Sheehy and S. Bouchard and A. Kakkar and R. El Hakim and J. Lhoest and A. Frank},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85205071099&doi=10.3390%2fjcm13185574&partnerID=40&md5=844732ff858a0d5feb0a95a54093ad4d},

doi = {10.3390/jcm13185574},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {13},

number = {18},

abstract = {Background/Objectives: Feelings of loneliness are common in people living with dementia (PLWD) in long-term care (LTC). The goals of this study were to describe the development of a novel virtual companion for PLWD living in LTC and assess its feasibility and acceptability. Methods: The computer-generated virtual companion, presented using a head-mounted virtual reality display, was developed in two stages. In Stage 1, the virtual companion asked questions designed to encourage conversation and reminiscence. In Stage 2, more powerful artificial intelligence tools allowed the virtual companion to engage users in nuanced discussions on any topic. PLWD in LTC tested the application at each stage to assess feasibility and acceptability. Results: Ten PLWD living in LTC participated in Stage 1 (4 men and 6 women; average 82 years old) and Stage 2 (2 men and 8 women; average 87 years old). Session lengths ranged from 0:00 to 5:30 min in Stage 1 and 0:00 to 53:50 min in Stage 2. Speech recognition issues and a limited repertoire of questions limited acceptance in Stage 1. Enhanced conversational ability in Stage 2 led to intimate and meaningful conversations with many participants. Many users found the head-mounted display heavy. There were no complaints of simulator sickness. The virtual companion was best suited to PLWD who could engage in reciprocal conversation. After Stage 2, response latency was identified as an opportunity for improvement in future versions. Conclusions: Virtual reality and artificial intelligence can be used to create a virtual companion that is acceptable and enjoyable to some PLWD living in LTC. Ongoing innovations in hardware and software will allow future iterations to provide more natural conversational interaction and an enhanced social experience. © 2024 by the authors.},

note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

keywords = {aged, article, Artificial intelligence, cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, compassion, conversation, dementia, Elderly, female, human, large language models, long term care, long-term care, major clinical study, male, program acceptability, program feasibility, reaction time, reminiscence, speech discrimination, very elderly, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{daudelin-peltier_effect_2017,

title = {The effect of acute social stress on the recognition of facial expression of emotions /631/378/2649 /631/378/1457 article},

author = {C. Daudelin-Peltier and H. Forget and C. Blais and A. Deschênes and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018189261&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-017-01053-3&partnerID=40&md5=4405225de4b80852d5d98a2fd2171812},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-01053-3},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

abstract = {This study investigates the effect of acute social stress on the recognition of facial expression of emotions in healthy young men. Participants underwent both a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor (TSST-G) and a control condition. Then, they performed a homemade version of the facial expressions megamix. All six basic emotions were included in the task. First, our results show a systematic increase in the intensity threshold for disgust following stress, meaning that the participants' performance with this emotion was impaired. We suggest that this may reflect an adaptive coping mechanism where participants attempt to decrease their anxiety and protect themselves from a socio-evaluative threat. Second, our results show a systematic decrease in the intensity threshold for surprise, therefore positively affecting the participants' performance with that emotion. We suggest that the enhanced perception of surprise following the induction of social stress may be interpreted as an evolutionary adaptation, wherein being in a stressful environment increases the benefits of monitoring signals indicating the presence of a novel or threatening event. An alternative explanation may derive from the opposite nature of the facial expressions of disgust and surprise; the decreased recognition of disgust could therefore have fostered the propensity to perceive surprise. © 2017 The Author(s).},

note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety, clinical study, controlled study, disgust, evolutionary adaptation, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, human, Humans, Hydrocortisone, male, mental stress, metabolism, monitoring, pathophysiology, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, Psychological, reaction time, social stress, Stress, Visual, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{blais_human_2013,

title = {Human visual processing oscillates: Evidence from a classification image technique},

author = {C. Blais and M. Arguin and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879014749&doi=10.1016%2fj.cognition.2013.04.009&partnerID=40&md5=c2d20982fa4a5c46b9d99d2912284ff6},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.009},

issn = {00100277},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {128},

number = {3},

pages = {353–362},

abstract = {Recent investigations have proposed that visual information may be sampled in a discrete manner, similarly to the snapshots of a camera, but this hypothesis remains controversial. Moreover, assuming a discrete sampling of information, the properties of this sampling-for instance, the frequency at which it operates, and how it synchronizes with the environment-still need to be clarified. We systematically modulated the signal-to-noise ratio of faces through time and examined how it impacted face identification performance. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis of discrete sampling. Furthermore, they suggest that this mechanism may operate at a rate of about 10-15. Hz and that it is synchronized with the onset of the stimulus. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {amplitude modulation, article, Face, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, normal human, oscillation, Oscillations, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, priority journal, reaction time, signal noise ratio, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, stimulus response, Temporal processing, vision, Visual, visual acuity, Visual Perception, Visual sampling, visual stimulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{willenbockel_does_2010,

title = {Does Face Inversion Change Spatial Frequency Tuning?},

author = {V. Willenbockel and D. Fiset and A. Chauvin and C. Blais and M. Arguin and J. W. Tanaka and D. N. Bub and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76049110562&doi=10.1037%2fa0016465&partnerID=40&md5=d855c4148d6a6f32d96ab71018569d7c},

doi = {10.1037/a0016465},

issn = {00961523 (ISSN)},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {36},

number = {1},

pages = {122–135},

abstract = {The authors examined spatial frequency (SF) tuning of upright and inverted face identification using an SF variant of the Bubbles technique (F. Gosselin & P. G. Schyns, 2001). In Experiment 1, they validated the SF Bubbles technique in a plaid detection task. In Experiments 2a-c, the SFs used for identifying upright and inverted inner facial features were investigated. Although a clear inversion effect was present (mean accuracy was 24% higher and response times 455 ms shorter for upright faces), SF tunings were remarkably similar in both orientation conditions (mean r = .98; an SF band of 1.9 octaves centered at 9.8 cycles per face width for faces of about 6°). In Experiments 3a and b, the authors demonstrated that their technique is sensitive to both subtle bottom-up and top-down induced changes in SF tuning, suggesting that the null results of Experiments 2a-c are real. The most parsimonious explanation of the findings is provided by the quantitative account of the face inversion effect: The same information is used for identifying upright and inverted inner facial features, but processing has greater sensitivity with the former. © 2010 American Psychological Association.},

keywords = {adult, article, association, attention, Cues, Depth Perception, Face, face perception, female, human, Humans, identification, inversion effect, male, perception, Perceptual Masking, reaction time, Space Perception, spatial frequency, vision, Visual Perception, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fiset_spatio-temporal_2009,

title = {The spatio-temporal dynamics of visual letter recognition},

author = {D. Fiset and C. Blais and M. Arguin and K. Tadros and C. Éthier-Majcher and D. Bub and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649525418&doi=10.1080%2f02643290802421160&partnerID=40&md5=bca7bda93d59994f2679faff9d93f46a},

doi = {10.1080/02643290802421160},

issn = {02643294},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},

volume = {26},

number = {1},

pages = {23–35},

abstract = {We applied the Bubbles technique to reveal directly the spatio-temporal features of uppercase Arial letter identification. We asked four normal readers to each identify 26,000 letters that were randomly sampled in space and time; afterwards, we performed multiple linear regressions on the participant's response accuracy and the space-time samples. We contend that each cluster of connected significant regression coefficients is a letter feature. To bridge the gap between the letter identification literature and this experiment, we also determined the relative importance of the features proposed in the letter identification literature. Results show clear modulations of the relative importance of the letter features of some letters across time, demonstrating that letter features are not always extracted simultaneously at constant speeds. Furthermore, of all the feature classes proposed in the literature, line terminations and horizontals appear to be the two most important for letter identification. © 2008 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.},

keywords = {article, bootstrapping, Bubbles technique, Discrimination Learning, human, Humans, Image analysis, linear regression analysis, methodology, Models, Nonlinear Dynamics, nonlinear system, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, priority journal, Psychological, psychological model, reaction time, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), task performance, temporal summation, time, Time Factors, Visual, word recognition},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{warren_target-distractor_2009,

title = {Target-distractor interference in the attentional blink implicates the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system},

author = {C. M. Warren and A. T. Breuer and J. Kantner and D. Fiset and C. Blais and M. E. J. Masson},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-74849134787&doi=10.3758%2fPBR.16.6.1106&partnerID=40&md5=dedfbcb0f338038cbcaedefcbc9d184f},

doi = {10.3758/PBR.16.6.1106},

issn = {10699384},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin and Review},

volume = {16},

number = {6},

pages = {1106–1111},

abstract = {We provide evidence that the locus coeruleus-norephinephrine (LC-NE) system is the neurophysiological basis of the attentional blink. The attentional blink refers to decreased accuracy for reporting the second of two targets in a rapid serial visual presentation of distractors. The LC-NE account of the attentional blink posits that targets elicit a facilitative LC-NE system response that is available for the first target but subsequently unavailable to the second, due to the autoinhibitory nature of the LC-NE system. We propose a modification of the LC-NE account, suggesting that the LC-NE system response is elicited by interference between mutually exclusive responses demanded by temporally proximal targets and distractors. We increased the interference between the first target and the following distractor by reducing the time between them. For identifying the second target this high-interference condition yielded a benefit up to 200 msec after onset of the first, followed by a decrease in accuracy. Consistent with our modification of the LC-NE account, this result suggests a temporarily enhanced LC-NE system response to increased target-distractor interference. © 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc.},

keywords = {article, Attentional Blink, human, Humans, Learning, locus ceruleus, Locus Coeruleus, Memory, Models, noradrenalin, Norepinephrine, Pattern Recognition, perception, Perceptual Masking, physiology, Psychological, psychological model, Psychophysics, reaction time, Serial Learning, short term memory, Short-Term, Visual},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nolin_assessment_2009,

title = {Assessment of inhibition deficits with the virtual classroom in children with traumatic brain injury: A pilot-study},

author = {P. Nolin and C. Martin and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71749121874&partnerID=40&md5=e13dc1c0941767a5d373bb1f8177b2c6},

issn = {15548716 (ISSN)},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {240–242},

abstract = {This study compared the performance of 8 children who have sustained a traumatic brain injury on the traditional VIGIL Continuous Performance Testand the Continuous Performance Test included in the Virtual Classroom. Results supported the hypothesis, showing that the Continuous Performance Test from the Virtual Classroom showed more sensitivity concerning inhibition deficits. More precisely, children showed more commission errors and longer reaction time. These results can be explained by the ecological character of the Virtual Classroom, meaning that this instrument is close to real-life experiences and requires more attention and inhibition resources.},

keywords = {article, attention deficit disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Brain Injuries, brain injury, Child, Children, clinical article, Computer aided instruction, Ecological character, human, Humans, inhibition (psychology), Inhibition deficit, Life experiences, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Performance tests, Pilot Projects, Pilot studies, pilot study, reaction time, school, Traumatic Brain Injuries, traumatic brain injury, Virtual Classroom, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fiset_inducing_2006,

title = {Inducing letter-by-letter dyslexia in normal readers},

author = {D. Fiset and F. Gosselin and C. Blais and M. Arguin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33749435964&doi=10.1162%2fjocn.2006.18.9.1466&partnerID=40&md5=edc961f6e18a7de0811cbc0e7ce9be1d},

doi = {10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1466},

issn = {0898929X},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {18},

number = {9},

pages = {1466–1476},

abstract = {Letter-by-letter (LBL) dyslexia is an acquired reading disorder characterized by very slow reading and a large linear word length effect. This suggests the use of a sequential LBL strategy, in sharp contrast with the parallel letter processing used by normal subjects. Recently, we have proposed that the reading difficulty of LBL dyslexics is due to a deficit in discriminating visually similar letters based on parallel letter processing [Arguin, M., Fiset, S., & Bub, D. Sequential and parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19, 535-555, 2002]. The visual mechanisms underlying this deficit and the LBL strategy, however, are still unknown. In this article, we propose that LBL dyslexic patients have lost the ability to use, for parallel letter processing, the optimal spatial frequency band for letter and word recognition. We claim that, instead, they rely on lower spatial frequencies for parallel processing, that these lower spatial frequencies produce confusions between visually similar letters, and that the LBL compensatory strategy allows them to extract higher spatial frequencies. The LBL strategy would thus increase the spatial resolution of the visual system, effectively resolving the issue pertaining to between-letter similarity. In Experiments 1 and 2, we succeeded in replicating the main features characterizing LBL dyslexia by having normal individuals read low-contrast, high-pass-filtered words. Experiment 3, conducted in LBL dyslexic L.H., shows that, indeed, the letter confusability effect is based on low spatial frequencies, whereas this effect was not supported by high spatial frequencies. © 2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},

keywords = {Acquired, adult, analysis of variance, article, Brain Damage, Chronic, clinical feature, confusion, Contrast Sensitivity, controlled study, Dyslexia, Functional Laterality, human, human experiment, Humans, Infarction, male, Mental Processes, parallel design, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Posterior Cerebral Artery, priority journal, reaction time, Reading, Reference Values, spatial frequency discrimination, Visual, visual discrimination, Visual Perception, visual system, word recognition},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}