@article{duncan_dual_2021,

title = {Dual task interference on early perceptual processing},

author = {J. Duncan and A. Roberge and U. Fortier-Gauthier and D. Fiset and C. Blais and B. Brisson},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092941211&doi=10.3758%2fs13414-020-02158-0&partnerID=40&md5=ed05e8e0cd7ffa5e63ee38027b3e5d44},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-020-02158-0},

issn = {19433921 (ISSN)},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},

volume = {83},

number = {4},

pages = {1777–1795},

abstract = {When two tasks, Task 1 and Task 2, are conducted in close temporal proximity and a separate speeded response is required for each target (T1 and T2), T2 report performance decreases as a function of its temporal proximity to T1. This so-called psychological refractory period (PRP) effect on T2 processing is largely assumed to reflect interference from T1 response selection on T2 response selection. However, interference on early perceptual processing of T2 has been observed in a modified paradigm, which required changes in visual-spatial attention, sensory modality, task modality, and response modality across targets. The goal of the present study was to investigate the possibility of early perceptual interference by systematically and iteratively removing each of these possible non perceptual confounds, in a series of four experiments. To assess T2 visual memory consolidation success, T2 was presented for a varying duration and immediately masked. T2 report accuracy, which was taken as a measure of perceptual—encoding or consolidation—success, decreased across all experimental control conditions as T1–T2 onset proximity increased. We argue that our results, in light of previous studies, show that central processing of a first target, responsible for the classical PRP effect, also interferes with early perceptual processing of a second target. We end with a discussion of broader implications for psychological refractory period and attentional blink effects. © 2020, The Author(s).},

note = {Publisher: Springer},

keywords = {attention, Attentional Blink, Central attention, Dual task, human, Humans, masking, motivation, Perceptual Masking, Psychological, psychological refractory period, Refractory Period, Task switching, Visual working memory, Visual-spatial attention},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{dumoulin_are_2020,

title = {Are cognitive load and focus of attention differentially involved in pain management: An experimental study using a cold pressor test and virtual reality},

author = {S. Dumoulin and S. Bouchard and C. Loranger and P. Quintana and V. Gougeon and K. L. Lavoie},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090185237&doi=10.2147%2fJPR.S238766&partnerID=40&md5=38278e890412e4529b0a740f4a6a881e},

doi = {10.2147/JPR.S238766},

issn = {11787090 (ISSN)},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Pain Research},

volume = {13},

pages = {2213–2222},

abstract = {Objective: The aim of this study is to assess whether distraction (lack of attentional focus) and attention (cognitive load) are differentially involved in the analgesic effect of virtual reality (VR) immersions during a cold pressor test (CPT). Methods: Thirty-one participants were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions (high and low cognitive load, attention with or without a reminder of the pain stimuli) and performed three CPTs. Pain was assessed based on the duration of the CPT (pain tolerance), a visual analog rating scale of perceived pain intensity during the CPT and the subjective pain scale of the Short form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). Results: The statistical analyses revealed that VR immersions were associated with less pain compared to the baseline (all p <0.001), but for the experimental manipulations, only the conditions where there was an increase in cognitive load (ie, from low cognitive load at Immersion 1 to high cognitive load at Immersion 2) were effective for increasing pain tolerance (significant Time X Conditions interaction). The interactions were not significant for pain intensity assessed with the VAS or the SF-MPQ. Conclusion: The results suggest that increases in cognitive load play an important role in the analgesic effect of VR immersion, although the combination of attentional focus and cognitive load may be important. Suggestions are given for designing a replication study. © 2020 Dumoulin et al.},

note = {Publisher: Dove Medical Press Ltd},

keywords = {adult, analgesia, analgesic activity, article, attention, clinical article, Cognitive load, cold pressor test, controlled study, CPT, Distraction, experimental study, female, human, immersion, male, McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain, pain intensity, pain threshold, randomized controlled trial, rating scale, replication study, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{blais_facial_2019,

title = {Facial Features Underlying the Decoding of Pain Expressions},

author = {C. Blais and D. Fiset and H. Furumoto-Deshaies and M. Kunz and D. Seuss and S. Cormier},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060707205&doi=10.1016%2fj.jpain.2019.01.002&partnerID=40&md5=2d2dd305de430a7ce8973644f57a4996},

doi = {10.1016/j.jpain.2019.01.002},

issn = {15265900 (ISSN)},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Pain},

volume = {20},

number = {6},

pages = {728–738},

abstract = {Previous research has revealed that the face is a finely tuned medium for pain communication. Studies assessing the decoding of facial expressions of pain have revealed an interesting discrepancy, namely that, despite eyes narrowing being the most frequent facial expression accompanying pain, individuals mostly rely on brow lowering and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising to evaluate pain. The present study verifies if this discrepancy may reflect an interaction between the features coding pain expressions and the features used by observers and stored in their mental representations. Experiment 1 shows that more weight is allocated to the brow lowering and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising, supporting the idea that these features are allocated more importance when mental representations of pain expressions are stored in memory. These 2 features have been associated with negative valence and with the affective dimension of pain, whereas the eyes narrowing feature has been associated more closely with the sensory dimension of pain. However, experiment 2 shows that these 2 features remain more salient than eyes narrowing, even when attention is specifically directed toward the sensory dimension of pain. Together, these results suggest that the features most saliently coded in the mental representation of facial expressions of pain may reflect a bias toward allocating more weight to the affective information encoded in the face. Perspective: This work reveals the relative importance of 3 facial features representing the core of pain expressions during pain decoding. The results show that 2 features are over-represented; this finding may potentially be linked with the estimation biases occurring when clinicians and lay persons evaluate pain based on facial appearance. © 2019 the American Pain Society},

note = {Publisher: Churchill Livingstone Inc.},

keywords = {adult, article, attention, decoding, Eye, Facial Expression, facies, female, human, human experiment, Humans, lip, male, Memory, Nose, Pain, pain assessment, pain dimensions, pain measurement, sensory analysis, wrinkle, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{duncan_dual-task_2019,

title = {Dual-task interference on left eye utilization during facial emotion perception},

author = {J. Duncan and G. Dugas and B. Brisson and C. Blais and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068219081&doi=10.1037%2fxhp0000674&partnerID=40&md5=f432c0265348103d6fce87660baa4c18},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0000674},

issn = {00961523 (ISSN)},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {45},

number = {10},

pages = {1319–1330},

abstract = {There is an ongoing debate in the literature about whether facial emotion perception is carried automatically- that is, without effort or attentional resources. While it is generally accepted that spatial attention is necessary for the perception of emotional facial expressions, the picture is less clear for central attention. Using the bubbles method, we provide results that were obtained by measuring the effect of the psychological refractory period on diagnostic information for the basic facial expressions. Based on previous findings that linked spatial attention with processing of the eyes and of high spatial frequencies in the visual periphery, we hypothesized that reliance on the eyes might decrease when central resources were monopolized by a difficult prioritized auditory task. Central load led to a marked decrease in left eye utilization that was generalized across emotions; on the contrary, utilization of the mouth was unaffected by central load. Thus, processing of the left eye might be nonautomatic, and processing of the mouth might be automatic. Interestingly, we also observed a reduction in reliance on the left side of the face under central load that was accompanied by a commensurate increase in reliance on the right side of the face. We end with a discussion of how hemispheric asymmetries might account for these peculiar findings. © 2019 American Psychological Association.},

note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, attention, Auditory Perception, Automatic processing, Bubbles, Central attention, emotion, Emotions, Executive Function, Eye, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, female, hearing, human, Humans, male, perception, physiology, Psychological, psychological refractory period, Psychophysics, Refractory Period, Social Perception, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{estephan_time_2018,

title = {Time course of cultural differences in spatial frequency use for face identification},

author = {A. Estéphan and D. Fiset and C. Saumure and M. -P. Plouffe-Demers and Y. Zhang and D. Sun and C. Blais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041296131&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-018-19971-1&partnerID=40&md5=b9e70f2d9ac7c641171bd6e450316846},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-19971-1},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

abstract = {Several previous studies of eye movements have put forward that, during face recognition, Easterners spread their attention across a greater part of their visual field than Westerners. Recently, we found that culture's effect on the perception of faces reaches mechanisms deeper than eye movements, therefore affecting the very nature of information sampled by the visual system: That is, Westerners globally rely more than Easterners on fine-grained visual information (i.e. high spatial frequencies; SFs), whereas Easterners rely more on coarse-grained visual information (i.e. low SFs). These findings suggest that culture influences basic visual processes; however, the temporal onset and dynamics of these culturespecific perceptual differences are still unknown. Here, we investigate the time course of SF use in Western Caucasian (Canadian) and East Asian (Chinese) observers during a face identification task. Firstly, our results confirm that Easterners use relatively lower SFs than Westerners, while the latter use relatively higher SFs. More importantly, our results indicate that these differences arise as early as 34 ms after stimulus onset, and remain stable through time. Our research supports the hypothesis that Westerners and Easterners initially rely on different types of visual information during face processing. © The Author(s) 2018.},

note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},

keywords = {adult, article, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, attention, Canada, Caucasian, European Continental Ancestry Group, eye movement, Eye movements, Facial Recognition, female, financial management, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Pattern Recognition, physiology, stimulus, Visual, visual information, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{royer_efficient_2016,

title = {Efficient visual information for unfamiliar face matching despite viewpoint variations: It's not in the eyes!},

author = {J. Royer and C. Blais and V. Barnabé-Lortie and M. Carré and J. Leclerc and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84968779426&doi=10.1016%2fj.visres.2016.04.004&partnerID=40&md5=4c63f6eea279f7322c9af23ae9ed22c1},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.04.004},

issn = {00426989 (ISSN)},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {123},

pages = {33–40},

abstract = {Faces are encountered in highly diverse angles in real-world settings. Despite this considerable diversity, most individuals are able to easily recognize familiar faces. The vast majority of studies in the field of face recognition have nonetheless focused almost exclusively on frontal views of faces. Indeed, a number of authors have investigated the diagnostic facial features for the recognition of frontal views of faces previously encoded in this same view. However, the nature of the information useful for identity matching when the encoded face and test face differ in viewing angle remains mostly unexplored. The present study addresses this issue using individual differences and bubbles, a method that pinpoints the facial features effectively used in a visual categorization task. Our results indicate that the use of features located in the center of the face, the lower left portion of the nose area and the center of the mouth, are significantly associated with individual efficiency to generalize a face's identity across different viewpoints. However, as faces become more familiar, the reliance on this area decreases, while the diagnosticity of the eye region increases. This suggests that a certain distinction can be made between the visual mechanisms subtending viewpoint invariance and face recognition in the case of unfamiliar face identification. Our results further support the idea that the eye area may only come into play when the face stimulus is particularly familiar to the observer. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {accuracy, adult, article, association, attention, Bubbles, Evoked Potentials, eye fixation, Face, face profile, face recognition, Facial Recognition, facies, female, Fixation, human, human experiment, Humans, Image analysis, Individual differences, male, Ocular, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, priority journal, procedures, Psychophysics, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), regression analysis, task performance, unfamiliar face matching, viewpoint variation, Viewpoint variations, Visual, visual discrimination, visual evoked potential, visual information, visual memory, visual stimulation, visual system parameters, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{renaud_sexual_2014,

title = {Sexual self-regulation and cognitive absorption as factors of sexual response toward virtual characters},

author = {P. Renaud and D. Trottier and K. Nolet and J. L. Rouleau and M. Goyette and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84898718813&doi=10.1089%2fcyber.2013.0165&partnerID=40&md5=80139e00bf83eda1508ec5ff80164c33},

doi = {10.1089/cyber.2013.0165},

issn = {21522715},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking},

volume = {17},

number = {4},

pages = {241–247},

abstract = {The eye movements and penile responses of 20 male participants were recorded while they were immersed with virtual sexual stimuli. These participants were divided into two groups according to their capacity to focus their attention in immersion (high and low focus). In order to understand sexual self-regulation better, we subjected participants to three experimental conditions: (a) immersion with a preferred sexual stimulus, without sexual inhibition; (b) immersion with a preferred sexual stimulus, with sexual inhibition; and (c) immersion with a neutral stimulus. A significant difference was observed between the effects of each condition on erectile response and scanpath. The groups differed on self-regulation of their erectile responses and on their scanpath patterns. High focus participants had more difficulties than low focus participants with inhibiting their sexual responses and displayed less scattered eye movement trajectories over the critical areas of the virtual sexual stimuli. Results are interpreted in terms of sexual self-regulation and cognitive absorption in virtual immersion. In addition, the use of validated virtual sexual stimuli is presented as a methodological improvement over static and moving pictures, since it paves the way for the study of the role of social interaction in an ecologically valid and well-controlled way. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.},

keywords = {adult, attention, cognition, eye movement, Eye movements, human, human relation, Humans, Informal, inhibition (psychology), Interpersonal Relations, male, Penile Erection, penis erection, Sexual Behavior, Social Control, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{butler_recognizing_2010,

title = {Recognizing famous people},

author = {S. Butler and C. Blais and F. Gosselin and D. Bub and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957655513&doi=10.3758%2fAPP.72.6.1444&partnerID=40&md5=75eaa110c44eb14b6eea6120d7477798},

doi = {10.3758/APP.72.6.1444},

issn = {19433921},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},

volume = {72},

number = {6},

pages = {1444–1449},

abstract = {In daily life, face identification requires that the observer select a single representation from hundreds if not thousands in memory. This breadth of choice is nearly impossible to replicate in the laboratory using newly learned faces, especially in the context of a Bubbles experiment (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001). In this study, we obviated this concern by studying the performance of observers in a face-naming task using 210 faces of celebrities. On each trial, we presented a face randomly sampled with Bubbles. We performed least-square multiple linear regressions on the location of the samples and on accuracy to pinpoint the facial features that were used effectively in this task. Correct face identification relied primarily on the eye areas in spatial frequency bands ranging from 4.37 to 70 cycles per face (cpf) and on the mouth and the nose in a spatial frequency band ranging from 8.75 to 17.5 cpf. A comparison with other studies (Caldara et al., 2005; Schyns, Bonnar, & Gosselin, 2002) in which Bubbles was used with a set of 10 newly learned faces revealed that although the eye areas were useful across studies, the mouth area and higher spatial frequencies gained in importance when few newly learned faces were used. © 2010 The Psychonomic Society, Inc.},

keywords = {adult, article, association, attention, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Face, Famous Persons, female, human, Humans, male, Mental Recall, Pattern Recognition, perception, perceptive discrimination, Perceptual Masking, public figure, recall, Visual, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{willenbockel_does_2010,

title = {Does Face Inversion Change Spatial Frequency Tuning?},

author = {V. Willenbockel and D. Fiset and A. Chauvin and C. Blais and M. Arguin and J. W. Tanaka and D. N. Bub and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76049110562&doi=10.1037%2fa0016465&partnerID=40&md5=d855c4148d6a6f32d96ab71018569d7c},

doi = {10.1037/a0016465},

issn = {00961523 (ISSN)},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {36},

number = {1},

pages = {122–135},

abstract = {The authors examined spatial frequency (SF) tuning of upright and inverted face identification using an SF variant of the Bubbles technique (F. Gosselin & P. G. Schyns, 2001). In Experiment 1, they validated the SF Bubbles technique in a plaid detection task. In Experiments 2a-c, the SFs used for identifying upright and inverted inner facial features were investigated. Although a clear inversion effect was present (mean accuracy was 24% higher and response times 455 ms shorter for upright faces), SF tunings were remarkably similar in both orientation conditions (mean r = .98; an SF band of 1.9 octaves centered at 9.8 cycles per face width for faces of about 6°). In Experiments 3a and b, the authors demonstrated that their technique is sensitive to both subtle bottom-up and top-down induced changes in SF tuning, suggesting that the null results of Experiments 2a-c are real. The most parsimonious explanation of the findings is provided by the quantitative account of the face inversion effect: The same information is used for identifying upright and inverted inner facial features, but processing has greater sensitivity with the former. © 2010 American Psychological Association.},

keywords = {adult, article, association, attention, Cues, Depth Perception, Face, face perception, female, human, Humans, identification, inversion effect, male, perception, Perceptual Masking, reaction time, Space Perception, spatial frequency, vision, Visual Perception, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{blais_orientation_2009,

title = {Orientation invariance in visual shape perception},

author = {C. Blais and M. Arguin and I. Marleau},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-60649103374&doi=10.1167%2f9.2.14&partnerID=40&md5=1fb771ae6c96e3a0ad4e92a307a12d1d},

doi = {10.1167/9.2.14},

issn = {15347362},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {2},

abstract = {To assess directly the orientation-invariance of specific shape representation stages in humans, we examined whether rotation (on the image plane or in depth) modulates the conjunction and linear non-separability effects in a shape visual search task (M. Arguin & D. Saumier, 2000; D. Saumier & M. Arguin, 2003). A series of visual search experiments involving simple 2D or 3D shapes show that these target type effects are entirely resistant to both planar and depth rotations. It was found however, that resistance to depth rotation only occurred when the 3D shapes had a richly textured surface but not when they had a uniform surface, with shading as the only reliable depth cue. The results also indicate that both planar and depth rotations affected performance indexes not concerned with the target type effects (i.e. overall RTs and magnitude of display size and target presence effects). Overall, the present findings suggest that the shape representations subtending the conjunction and linear non-separability effects are invariant across both planar and depth rotations whereas other shape representation stages involved in the task are orientation-specific. © ARVO.},

keywords = {adult, article, association, attention, Cues, Depth Perception, Form Perception, human, Humans, methodology, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, Rotation, vision, Visual Perception, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}