@article{gingras_differences_2023,

title = {Differences in eye movements for face recognition between Canadian and Chinese participants are not modulated by social orientation},

author = {F. Gingras and A. Estéphan and D. Fiset and H. Lingnan and R. Caldara and C. Blais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179766751&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0295256&partnerID=40&md5=34499ca3a094ccf3937f07a1fb177c82},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295256},

issn = {19326203 (ISSN)},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {18},

number = {12 December},

abstract = {Face recognition strategies do not generalize across individuals. Many studies have reported robust cultural differences between West Europeans/North Americans and East Asians in eye movement strategies during face recognition. The social orientation hypothesis posits that individualistic vs. collectivistic (IND/COL) value systems, respectively defining West European/North American and East Asian societies, would be at the root of many cultural differences in visual perception. Whether social orientation is also responsible for such cultural contrast in face recognition remains to be clarified. To this aim, we conducted two experiments with West European/North American and Chinese observers. In Experiment 1, we probed the existence of a link between IND/COL social values and eye movements during face recognition, by using an IND/COL priming paradigm. In Experiment 2, we dissected the latter relationship in greater depth, by using two IND/COL questionnaires, including subdimensions to those concepts. In both studies, cultural differences in fixation patterns were revealed between West European/North American and East Asian observers. Priming IND/ COL values did not modulate eye movement visual sampling strategies, and only specific subdimensions of the IND/COL questionnaires were associated with distinct eye-movement patterns. Altogether, we show that the typical contrast between IND/COL cannot fully account for cultural differences in eye movement strategies for face recognition. Cultural differences in eye movements for faces might originate from mechanisms distinct from social orientation. © 2023 Gingras et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},

keywords = {adult, article, Asian, Asian People, Canada, Canadian, China, Chinese, clinical article, Diagnosis, East Asian, eye movement, Eye movements, Facial Recognition, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, North American, Orientation, questionnaire, social value, vision},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{charbonneau_role_2021,

title = {The role of spatial frequencies for facial pain categorization},

author = {I. Charbonneau and J. Guérette and S. Cormier and C. Blais and G. Lalonde-Beaudoin and F. W. Smith and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111138273&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-021-93776-7&partnerID=40&md5=d759d0218de65fce371bb51d7f2593d8},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-93776-7},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

abstract = {Studies on low-level visual information underlying pain categorization have led to inconsistent findings. Some show an advantage for low spatial frequency information (SFs) and others a preponderance of mid SFs. This study aims to clarify this gap in knowledge since these results have different theoretical and practical implications, such as how far away an observer can be in order to categorize pain. This study addresses this question by using two complementary methods: a data-driven method without a priori expectations about the most useful SFs for pain recognition and a more ecological method that simulates the distance of stimuli presentation. We reveal a broad range of important SFs for pain recognition starting from low to relatively high SFs and showed that performance is optimal in a short to medium distance (1.2–4.8 m) but declines significantly when mid SFs are no longer available. This study reconciles previous results that show an advantage of LSFs over HSFs when using arbitrary cutoffs, but above all reveal the prominent role of mid-SFs for pain recognition across two complementary experimental tasks. © 2021, The Author(s).},

note = {Publisher: Nature Research},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Classification, Distance Perception, emotion, Emotions, Face, face pain, Facial Expression, Facial Pain, Facial Recognition, female, human, Humans, Knowledge, male, Normal Distribution, Pattern Recognition, procedures, psychology, Psychophysics, recognition, reproducibility, Reproducibility of Results, Visual, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{turgeon_recognition_2020,

title = {Recognition of children's emotional facial expressions among mothers reporting a history of childhood maltreatment},

author = {J. Turgeon and A. Berube and C. Blais and A. Lemieux and A. Fournier},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098916379&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0243083&partnerID=40&md5=2ef477465c0ad75d67b7f13d05f783b2},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0243083},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {15},

number = {12 December},

abstract = {Several studies have shown that child maltreatment is associated with both positive and negative effects on the recognition of facial emotions. Research has provided little evidence of a relation between maltreatment during childhood and young adults' ability to recognize facial displays of emotion in children, an essential skill for a sensitive parental response. In this study, we examined the consequences of different forms of maltreatment experienced in childhood on emotion recognition during parenthood. Participants included sixty-three mothers of children aged 2 to 5 years. Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment were assessed using the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Emotion recognition was measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task of all six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). A Path Analysis via Structural Equation Model revealed that a history of physical abuse is related to a decreased ability to recognize both fear and sadness in children, whereas emotional abuse and sexual abuse are related to a decreased ability to recognize anger in children. In addition, emotional neglect is associated with an increased ability to recognize anger, whereas physical neglect is associated with less accuracy in recognizing happiness in children's facial emotional expressions. These findings have important clinical implications and expand current understanding of the consequences of childhood maltreatment on parents' ability to detect children's needs. © 2020 Turgeon et al.},

note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},

keywords = {adult, Adverse Childhood Experiences, anger, article, Child, Child Abuse, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, disgust, emotion, emotional neglect, Emotions, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, Fear, female, happiness, human, Humans, major clinical study, male, mother, Mothers, parenthood, path analysis, physical abuse, Preschool, preschool child, psychology, recognition, Retrospective Studies, retrospective study, sadness, self report, sexual abuse, structural equation modeling, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{duncan_revisiting_2019,

title = {Revisiting the Link Between Horizontal Tuning and Face Processing Ability With Independent Measures},

author = {J. Duncan and J. Royer and G. Dugas and C. Blais and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074117809&doi=10.1037%2fxhp0000684&partnerID=40&md5=b88c8d1ad6db16940a7782d664414dae},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0000684},

issn = {00961523},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

abstract = {In recent years, horizontal spatial information has received attention for its role in face perception. One study, for instance, has reported an association between horizontal tuning for faces and face identification ability measured within the same task. A possible consequence of this is that the correlation could have been overestimated. In the present study, we wanted to reexamine this question. We first measured face processing ability on the Cambridge Face Memory Test±, the Cambridge Face Perception Test, and the Glasgow Face Matching Test. A single ability score was extracted using a principal components analysis. In a separate task, participants also completed an identification task in which faces were randomly filtered on a trial basis using orientation bubbles. This task allowed the extraction of individual orientation profiles and horizontal tuning scores for faces. We then measured the association between horizontal tuning for faces and the face-processing ability score and observed a significant positive correlation. Importantly, this relation could not be accounted for by other factors such as object-processing ability, horizontal tuning for cars, or greater sensitivity to horizontal gratings. Our data give further credence to the hypothesis that horizontal facial structure plays a crucial role in face processing. © 2019 American Psychological Association.},

note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Depth Perception, Facial Recognition, human, Humans, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, perception, physiology, Psychophysics, Social Perception, Space Perception, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{tardif_use_2019,

title = {Use of Face Information Varies Systematically From Developmental Prosopagnosics to Super-Recognizers},

author = {J. Tardif and X. Morin Duchesne and S. Cohan and J. Royer and C. Blais and D. Fiset and B. Duchaine and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060433063&doi=10.1177%2f0956797618811338&partnerID=40&md5=0b1d017d93e991fa99d50e6691a54867},

doi = {10.1177/0956797618811338},

issn = {09567976},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {30},

number = {2},

pages = {300–308},

abstract = {Face-recognition abilities differ largely in the neurologically typical population. We examined how the use of information varies with face-recognition ability from developmental prosopagnosics to super-recognizers. Specifically, we investigated the use of facial features at different spatial scales in 112 individuals, including 5 developmental prosopagnosics and 8 super-recognizers, during an online famous-face-identification task using the bubbles method. We discovered that viewing of the eyes and mouth to identify faces at relatively high spatial frequencies is strongly correlated with face-recognition ability, evaluated from two independent measures. We also showed that the abilities of developmental prosopagnosics and super-recognizers are explained by a model that predicts face-recognition ability from the use of information built solely from participants with intermediate face-recognition abilities (n = 99). This supports the hypothesis that the use of information varies quantitatively from developmental prosopagnosics to super-recognizers as a function of face-recognition ability. © The Author(s) 2018.},

note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.},

keywords = {adult, Developmental Disabilities, developmental disorder, Facial Recognition, female, human, Humans, Individuality, male, pathophysiology, perception, physiology, Prosopagnosia, Social Perception},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{duncan_dual-task_2019,

title = {Dual-task interference on left eye utilization during facial emotion perception},

author = {J. Duncan and G. Dugas and B. Brisson and C. Blais and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068219081&doi=10.1037%2fxhp0000674&partnerID=40&md5=f432c0265348103d6fce87660baa4c18},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0000674},

issn = {00961523 (ISSN)},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {45},

number = {10},

pages = {1319–1330},

abstract = {There is an ongoing debate in the literature about whether facial emotion perception is carried automatically- that is, without effort or attentional resources. While it is generally accepted that spatial attention is necessary for the perception of emotional facial expressions, the picture is less clear for central attention. Using the bubbles method, we provide results that were obtained by measuring the effect of the psychological refractory period on diagnostic information for the basic facial expressions. Based on previous findings that linked spatial attention with processing of the eyes and of high spatial frequencies in the visual periphery, we hypothesized that reliance on the eyes might decrease when central resources were monopolized by a difficult prioritized auditory task. Central load led to a marked decrease in left eye utilization that was generalized across emotions; on the contrary, utilization of the mouth was unaffected by central load. Thus, processing of the left eye might be nonautomatic, and processing of the mouth might be automatic. Interestingly, we also observed a reduction in reliance on the left side of the face under central load that was accompanied by a commensurate increase in reliance on the right side of the face. We end with a discussion of how hemispheric asymmetries might account for these peculiar findings. © 2019 American Psychological Association.},

note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, attention, Auditory Perception, Automatic processing, Bubbles, Central attention, emotion, Emotions, Executive Function, Eye, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, female, hearing, human, Humans, male, perception, physiology, Psychological, psychological refractory period, Psychophysics, Refractory Period, Social Perception, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{saumure_use_2018,

title = {The use of visual information in the recognition of posed and spontaneous facial expressions},

author = {C. Saumure and M. -P. Plouffe-Demers and A. Estéphan and D. Fiset and C. Blais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054591286&doi=10.1167%2f18.9.21&partnerID=40&md5=9d2396b70438842c089a36f6a499f734},

doi = {10.1167/18.9.21},

issn = {15347362},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {18},

number = {9},

pages = {1–15},

abstract = {Recognizing facial expressions is crucial for the success of social interactions, and the visual processes underlying this ability have been the subject of many studies in the field of face perception. Nevertheless, the stimuli used in the majority of these studies consist of facial expressions that were produced on request rather than spontaneously induced. In the present study, we directly compared the visual strategies underlying the recognition of posed and spontaneous expressions of happiness, disgust, surprise, and sadness. We used the Bubbles method with pictures of the same individuals spontaneously expressing an emotion or posing with an expression on request. Two key findings were obtained: Visual strategies were less systematic with spontaneous than with posed expressions, suggesting a higher heterogeneity in the useful facial cues across identities; and with spontaneous expressions, the relative reliance on the mouth and eyes areas was more evenly distributed, contrasting with the higher reliance on the mouth compared to the eyes area observed with posed expressions. © 2018 The Authors.},

note = {Publisher: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Inc.},

keywords = {association, Cues, emotion, Emotions, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, female, happiness, human, Humans, male, Pattern Recognition, physiology, Visual, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{estephan_time_2018,

title = {Time course of cultural differences in spatial frequency use for face identification},

author = {A. Estéphan and D. Fiset and C. Saumure and M. -P. Plouffe-Demers and Y. Zhang and D. Sun and C. Blais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041296131&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-018-19971-1&partnerID=40&md5=b9e70f2d9ac7c641171bd6e450316846},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-19971-1},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

abstract = {Several previous studies of eye movements have put forward that, during face recognition, Easterners spread their attention across a greater part of their visual field than Westerners. Recently, we found that culture's effect on the perception of faces reaches mechanisms deeper than eye movements, therefore affecting the very nature of information sampled by the visual system: That is, Westerners globally rely more than Easterners on fine-grained visual information (i.e. high spatial frequencies; SFs), whereas Easterners rely more on coarse-grained visual information (i.e. low SFs). These findings suggest that culture influences basic visual processes; however, the temporal onset and dynamics of these culturespecific perceptual differences are still unknown. Here, we investigate the time course of SF use in Western Caucasian (Canadian) and East Asian (Chinese) observers during a face identification task. Firstly, our results confirm that Easterners use relatively lower SFs than Westerners, while the latter use relatively higher SFs. More importantly, our results indicate that these differences arise as early as 34 ms after stimulus onset, and remain stable through time. Our research supports the hypothesis that Westerners and Easterners initially rely on different types of visual information during face processing. © The Author(s) 2018.},

note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},

keywords = {adult, article, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, attention, Canada, Caucasian, European Continental Ancestry Group, eye movement, Eye movements, Facial Recognition, female, financial management, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Pattern Recognition, physiology, stimulus, Visual, visual information, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{royer_greater_2018,

title = {Greater reliance on the eye region predicts better face recognition ability},

author = {J. Royer and C. Blais and I. Charbonneau and K. Déry and J. Tardif and B. Duchaine and F. Gosselin and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051252949&doi=10.1016%2fj.cognition.2018.08.004&partnerID=40&md5=e1af5e939ec7381c82ff3d13d1c3cc51},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.004},

issn = {00100277},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {181},

pages = {12–20},

abstract = {Interest in using individual differences in face recognition ability to better understand the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms supporting face processing has grown substantially in recent years. The goal of this study was to determine how varying levels of face recognition ability are linked to changes in visual information extraction strategies in an identity recognition task. To address this question, fifty participants completed six tasks measuring face and object processing abilities. Using the Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001), we also measured each individual's use of visual information in face recognition. At the group level, our results replicate previous findings demonstrating the importance of the eye region for face identification. More importantly, we show that face processing ability is related to a systematic increase in the use of the eye area, especially the left eye from the observer's perspective. Indeed, our results suggest that the use of this region accounts for approximately 20% of the variance in face processing ability. These results support the idea that individual differences in face processing are at least partially related to the perceptual extraction strategy used during face identification. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, article, clinical article, extraction, Eye, Facial Recognition, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), visual information, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fiset_mapping_2017,

title = {Mapping the impairment in decoding static facial expressions of emotion in prosopagnosia},

author = {D. Fiset and C. Blais and J. Royer and A. -R. Richoz and G. Dugas and R. Caldara},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030854508&doi=10.1093%2fscan%2fnsx068&partnerID=40&md5=3d92d23cd13f540fc3849ac8527d9acd},

doi = {10.1093/scan/nsx068},

issn = {17495016},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience},

volume = {12},

number = {8},

pages = {1334–1341},

abstract = {Acquired prosopagnosia is characterized by a deficit in face recognition due to diverse brain lesions, but interestingly most prosopagnosic patients suffering from posterior lesions use the mouth instead of the eyes for face identification. Whether this bias is present for the recognition of facial expressions of emotion has not yet been addressed.We tested PS, a pure case of acquired prosopagnosia with bilateral occipitotemporal lesions anatomically sparing the regions dedicated for facial expression recognition. PS used mostly the mouth to recognize facial expressions even when the eye area was the most diagnostic. Moreover, PS directed most of her fixations towards the mouth. Her impairment was still largely present when she was instructed to look at the eyes, or when she was forced to look at them. Control participants showed a performance comparable to PS when only the lower part of the face was available. These observations suggest that the deficits observed in PS with static images are not solely attentional, but are rooted at the level of facial information use. This study corroborates neuroimaging findings suggesting that the Occipital Face Area might play a critical role in extracting facial features that are integrated for both face identification and facial expression recognition in static images. © The Author (2017).},

note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},

keywords = {emotion, Emotions, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, female, human, Humans, male, Middle Aged, pathophysiology, physiology, Prosopagnosia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}