@article{antonio_posttraumatic_2025,

title = {Posttraumatic stress disorder and Physiological Response in First Responders During Virtual Reality Exposure},

author = {H. António and C. Barros and M. Vieira de Castro and J. Oliveira and P. Gamito and S. Bouchard and R. J. Pinto},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105023876769&doi=10.1177%2F21522715251394917&partnerID=40&md5=c3c071b02ee24bd37789dfd06a936fbd},

doi = {10.1177/21522715251394917},

issn = {21522715 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking},

abstract = {First responders (FRs) are routinely exposed to traumatic events, increasing risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study compared heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance level (SCL) between FRs with and without probable PTSD at baseline and during a virtual reality (VR) task. Eighty-four FRs completed questionnaires and physiological assessments. Participants with probable PTSD showed significantly lower baseline HRV, indicating reduced parasympathetic modulation. No group differences emerged for HRV during VR or for SCL at either point. The results confirm reduced HRV at rest in PTSD, but further work is needed to clarify why this difference was not observed during the task and why SCL showed no group effects. To advance understanding of these results, future studies should include larger samples, longer baselines, recovery phases, and clinical interviews. © 2025 Mary Ann Liebert, (NY) LLC.},

keywords = {adult, electrodermal response, Emergency Responders, female, first responders, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, human, Humans, male, Middle Aged, pathophysiology, physiological response, physiology, Post-Traumatic, posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychology, questionnaire, rescue personnel, skin conductance, Stress Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{renaud_stress_1997,

title = {The stress of stroop performance: Physiological and emotional responses to color-word interference, task pacing, and pacing speed},

author = {P. Renaud and J. -P. Blondin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030754719&doi=10.1016%2fS0167-8760%2897%2900049-4&partnerID=40&md5=79992021abdbf3ef544e20b2a11f29ff},

doi = {10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00049-4},

issn = {01678760},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},

volume = {27},

number = {2},

pages = {87–97},

abstract = {Heart rate, frequency of skin conductance responses, and self-reported anxiety were measured during performance of a computer version of the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, and during a non-conflicting control task involving the color naming of color patches. Stroop and control stimuli were presented individually in order to vary task pacing. Subjects (N = 48) were divided into three groups assigned to self-paced, externally-paced, and fast externally-paced conditions. Performance data revealed that the relative proportion of speed and accuracy reductions which resulted from the Stroop interference varied according to task pacing and pacing speed. Stroop performance was accompanied by heightened HR levels which were sustained throughout the series. State-Anxiety scores increased after both tasks, but only among subjects who completed a large number of trials, i.e. subjects in the self-paced and fast externally-paced groups. Skin conductance responses only varied according to task order and time within series, irrespective of Stroop interference or task pacing. Overall, the results remained in accordance with an effort account of the relationship between attention and cardiac activity. They also provided indications on how the Stroop test may act as an efficient laboratory stressor.},

keywords = {accuracy, Adolescent, adult, Anxiety, article, attention, Color, controlled study, emotion, Emotions, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, human, human experiment, Humans, male, mental stress, mental test, normal human, Psychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, self report, skin conductance, task performance},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}