@article{bouchard_using_2017,

title = {Using virtual reality in the treatment of gambling disorder: The development of a new tool for cognitive behavior therapy},

author = {S. Bouchard and G. Robillard and I. Giroux and C. Jacques and C. Loranger and M. St-Pierre and M. Chrétien and A. Goulet},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014229849&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyt.2017.00027&partnerID=40&md5=27df5ef448fec9e2ac3498cd76632899},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00027},

issn = {16640640},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {8},

number = {FEB},

abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) can be used in the treatment of gambling disorder to provide emotionally charged contexts (e.g., induce cravings) where patients can practice cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) techniques in the safety of the therapist's office. This raises practical questions, such as whether the cravings are sufficient to be clinically useful but also manageable enough to remain clinically safe. Pilot data are also needed to test the development of a treatment manual and prepare large randomized control trials. This paper reports on three studies describing (a) cravings induced in VR compared to real gambling and a control game of skill with no money involved (N = 28 frequent gamblers and 36 infrequent gamblers); (b) the usefulness of a treatment protocol with only two CBT sessions using VR (N = 34 pathological gamblers); and (c) the safety of a four-session treatment program of CBT in VR (N = 25 pathological gamblers). Study 1 reveals that immersions in VR can elicit desire and a positive anticipation to gamble in frequent gamblers that are (a) significantly stronger than for infrequent gamblers and for playing a control game of skill and (b) as strong as for gambling on a real video lottery terminal. Study 2 documents the feasibility of integrating VR in CBT, its usefulness in identifying more high-risk situations and dysfunctional thoughts, how inducing cravings during relapse prevention exercises significantly relates to treatment outcome, and the safety of the procedure in terms of cybersickness. Results from Study 3 confirm that, compared to inducing urges to gamble in imagination, using VR does not lead to urges that are stronger, last longer, or feel more out of control. Outcome data and effect sizes are reported for both randomized control pilot trials conducted in inpatient settings. Suggestions for future research are provided, including on increasing the number of VR sessions in the treatment program. © 2017 Bouchard, Robillard, Giroux, Jacques, Loranger, St-Pierre, Chrétien and Goulet.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation},

keywords = {adult, age distribution, article, clinical effectiveness, cognitive behavioral therapy, controlled study, craving, DSM-5, ethnic difference, female, high risk population, human, major clinical study, male, outcome assessment, pathological gambling, pilot study, program feasibility, safety, sex difference, treatment duration, treatment outcome, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chretien_cognitive_2017,

title = {Cognitive restructuring of gambling-related thoughts: A systematic review},

author = {M. Chrétien and I. Giroux and A. Goulet and C. Jacques and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024477584&doi=10.1016%2fj.addbeh.2017.07.001&partnerID=40&md5=77a066c286d78d0e401757c44a13b9af},

doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.001},

issn = {03064603 (ISSN)},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Addictive Behaviors},

volume = {75},

pages = {108–121},

abstract = {Gamblers' thoughts have a fundamental influence on their gambling problem. Cognitive restructuring is the intervention of choice to correct those thoughts. However, certain difficulties are noted in the application of cognitive restructuring techniques and the comprehension of their guidelines. Furthermore, the increase of skill game players (e.g. poker) entering treatment creates a challenge for therapists, as these gamblers present with different thoughts than those of the gamblers usually encountered in treatment (e.g. chance-only games like electronic gambling machines). This systematic review aims to describe how cognitive restructuring is carried out with gamblers based on the evidence available in empirical studies that include cognitive interventions for gambling. Of the 2607 studies collected, 39 were retained. The results highlight exposure as the most frequently used technique to facilitate identification of gambling-related thoughts (imaginal = 28.2%; in vivo = 10.3%). More than half of the studies (69.2%) clearly reported therapeutic techniques aimed to correct gamblers' thoughts, of which 37% involved visual support to challenge those thoughts (e.g. ABC log). Of the 39 studies retained, 48.7% included skill game players (i.e., poker, blackjack, sports betting) in their sample. However, none of these studies mentioned whether cognitive restructuring had been adapted for these gamblers. Several terms referring to gamblers' thoughts were used interchangeably (e.g. erroneous, dysfunctional or inadequate thoughts), although each of these terms could refer to specific content. Clinical implications of the results are discussed with regard to the needs of therapists. This review also suggests recommendations for future research. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {behavior change, cognition, Cognitive distortions, cognitive restructuring, Cognitive techniques, cognitive therapy, Cognitive-behavioral treatment, empiricism, Gambling, Gambling treatment, human, Humans, methodology, nomenclature, pathological gambling, procedures, psychology, review, sport, systematic review, Therapy, Thinking},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}