@article{du_sert_virtual_2018,

title = {Virtual reality therapy for refractory auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: A pilot clinical trial},

author = {O. P. Sert and S. Potvin and O. Lipp and L. Dellazizzo and M. Laurelli and R. Breton and P. Lalonde and K. Phraxayavong and K. O'Connor and J. -F. Pelletier and T. Boukhalfi and P. Renaud and A. Dumais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042420594&doi=10.1016%2fj.schres.2018.02.031&partnerID=40&md5=fe98669ecfdfb69d05cc9ebb58fecdcc},

doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.031},

issn = {09209964},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Research},

volume = {197},

pages = {176–181},

abstract = {Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental illness that poses significant challenges. While many pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are available, many treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients continue to suffer from persistent psychotic symptoms, notably auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), which are highly disabling. This unmet clinical need requires new innovative treatment options. Recently, a psychological therapy using computerized technology has shown large therapeutic effects on AVH severity by enabling patients to engage in a dialogue with a computerized representation of their voices. These very promising results have been extended by our team using immersive virtual reality (VR). Our study was a 7-week phase-II, randomized, partial cross-over trial. Nineteen schizophrenia patients with refractory AVH were recruited and randomly allocated to either VR-assisted therapy (VRT) or treatment-as-usual (TAU). The group allocated to TAU consisted of antipsychotic treatment and usual meetings with clinicians. The TAU group then received a delayed 7 weeks of VRT. A follow-up was ensured 3 months after the last VRT therapy session. Changes in psychiatric symptoms, before and after TAU or VRT, were assessed using a linear mixed-effects model. Our findings showed that VRT produced significant improvements in AVH severity, depressive symptoms and quality of life that lasted at the 3-month follow-up period. Consistent with previous research, our results suggest that VRT might be efficacious in reducing AVH related distress. The therapeutic effects of VRT on the distress associated with the voices were particularly prominent (d = 1.2). VRT is a highly novel and promising intervention for refractory AVH in schizophrenia. © 2018},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {adult, article, auditory hallucination, auditory verbal hallucination, clinical article, clinical effectiveness, computer assisted therapy, Computer-Assisted, controlled study, Cross-Over Studies, crossover procedure, disease severity, distress syndrome, female, follow up, Follow-Up Studies, hallucination, Hallucinations, human, Humans, male, Middle Aged, neuroleptic agent, outcome assessment, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), phase 2 clinical trial, physiology, Pilot Projects, pilot study, priority journal, procedures, psychotherapy, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, schizophrenia, Speech Perception, symptom, Therapy, therapy delay, therapy effect, treatment duration, treatment response, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chretien_cognitive_2017,

title = {Cognitive restructuring of gambling-related thoughts: A systematic review},

author = {M. Chrétien and I. Giroux and A. Goulet and C. Jacques and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024477584&doi=10.1016%2fj.addbeh.2017.07.001&partnerID=40&md5=77a066c286d78d0e401757c44a13b9af},

doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.001},

issn = {03064603 (ISSN)},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Addictive Behaviors},

volume = {75},

pages = {108–121},

abstract = {Gamblers' thoughts have a fundamental influence on their gambling problem. Cognitive restructuring is the intervention of choice to correct those thoughts. However, certain difficulties are noted in the application of cognitive restructuring techniques and the comprehension of their guidelines. Furthermore, the increase of skill game players (e.g. poker) entering treatment creates a challenge for therapists, as these gamblers present with different thoughts than those of the gamblers usually encountered in treatment (e.g. chance-only games like electronic gambling machines). This systematic review aims to describe how cognitive restructuring is carried out with gamblers based on the evidence available in empirical studies that include cognitive interventions for gambling. Of the 2607 studies collected, 39 were retained. The results highlight exposure as the most frequently used technique to facilitate identification of gambling-related thoughts (imaginal = 28.2%; in vivo = 10.3%). More than half of the studies (69.2%) clearly reported therapeutic techniques aimed to correct gamblers' thoughts, of which 37% involved visual support to challenge those thoughts (e.g. ABC log). Of the 39 studies retained, 48.7% included skill game players (i.e., poker, blackjack, sports betting) in their sample. However, none of these studies mentioned whether cognitive restructuring had been adapted for these gamblers. Several terms referring to gamblers' thoughts were used interchangeably (e.g. erroneous, dysfunctional or inadequate thoughts), although each of these terms could refer to specific content. Clinical implications of the results are discussed with regard to the needs of therapists. This review also suggests recommendations for future research. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {behavior change, cognition, Cognitive distortions, cognitive restructuring, Cognitive techniques, cognitive therapy, Cognitive-behavioral treatment, empiricism, Gambling, Gambling treatment, human, Humans, methodology, nomenclature, pathological gambling, procedures, psychology, review, sport, systematic review, Therapy, Thinking},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lord-gauthier_stress_2016,

title = {Le stress au travail. Savoir y faire face},

author = {J. Lord-Gauthier and F. Montigny and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045181367&partnerID=40&md5=6c31d6b363aecd894805c5c34005f804},

issn = {17081890},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Perspective infirmiere : revue officielle de l'Ordre des infirmieres et infirmiers du Quebec},

volume = {13},

number = {5},

pages = {21–25},

keywords = {Adaptation, Burnout, Canada, coping behavior, Diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, female, human, Humans, job stress, male, mental stress, nurse, Nurses, Nursing, Occupational Stress, physiology, prevention and control, Professional, Psychological, psychology, questionnaire, Retrospective Studies, retrospective study, statistics and numerical data, Stress, Surveys and Questionnaires, Therapy, Workplace},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{robillard_development_2011,

title = {The development of the SWEAT questionnaire: a scale measuring costs and efforts inherent to conducting exposure sessions.},

author = {G. Robillard and S. Bouchard and S. Dumoulin and T. Guitard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054121010&partnerID=40&md5=10bd1de5d9c38b5a975dab3b477c1d4d},

issn = {09269630},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Studies in health technology and informatics},

volume = {167},

pages = {105–110},

abstract = {For decades, empirical studies have shown the effectiveness of exposure techniques when used in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment for anxiety disorders. A few studies are now suggesting that using Virtual Reality (VR) may be an effective way to conduct exposure and overcome some of the limitations of in vivo exposure. The aim of this study is to validate the Specific Work for Exposure Applied in Therapy (SWEAT) questionnaire that measures costs and efforts required to conduct in vivo and in virtuo exposure. A total of 265 exposure sessions (in vivo = 140; in virtuo = 125) were rated by experienced psychologists. Reliability analysis revealed three main factors in the construct of the SWEAT questionnaire. Results also showed that conducting exposure in VR is less of a burden and more readily adapted to the patients' needs than in vivo.},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, article, behavior therapy, clinical effectiveness, computer assisted therapy, computer interface, Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted, controlled study, cost benefit analysis, economics, exposure, female, human, Humans, Implosive Therapy, in vivo study, male, methodology, psychologist, Psychometrics, psychometry, questionnaire, Questionnaires, reliability, reproducibility, Reproducibility of Results, specific work for exposure applied in therapy questionnaire, Therapy, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bouchard_could_2011,

title = {Could virtual reality be effective in treating children with phobias?},

author = {S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79951655992&doi=10.1586%2fern.10.196&partnerID=40&md5=a941040ff9b2edf8439f26b36edc7163},

doi = {10.1586/ern.10.196},

issn = {17448360 (ISSN)},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

pages = {207–213},

abstract = {The use of virtual reality to treat anxiety disorders in adults is gaining popularity and its efficacy is supported by numerous outcome studies. Similar research for children is lagging behind. The outcome studies on the use of virtual reality to treat anxiety disorders in children currently address only specific phobias, and all of the available trials are reviewed in this article. Despite the limited number of studies, results are very encouraging for the treatment of school and spider phobias. A study with adolescents suggests that, at least for social anxiety, exposure stimuli would be more effective if they were developed specifically for younger populations. Virtual reality may not increase children's motivation towards therapy unless their fearful apprehension is addressed before initiating the treatment. © 2011 Expert Reviews Ltd.},

keywords = {Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, arachnophobia, article, audiovisual equipment, Child, child psychiatry, Children, cognitive therapy, Cognitive-behavior therapy, Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted, controlled clinical trial (topic), environmental factor, Exposure therapy, groups by age, human, Humans, image display, motivation, phobia, Phobic Disorders, social phobia, spider, Therapy, treatment outcome, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{st-jacques_is_2010,

title = {Is virtual reality effective to motivate and raise interest in phobic children toward therapy? A clinical trial study of in vivo with in virtuo versus in vivo only treatment exposure},

author = {J. St-Jacques and S. Bouchard and C. Bélanger},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955295979&doi=10.4088%2fJCP.08m04822blu&partnerID=40&md5=d542122407b00dcaecc8c51dcaf40610},

doi = {10.4088/JCP.08m04822blu},

issn = {01606689},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},

volume = {71},

number = {7},

pages = {924–931},

abstract = {Objective: The first objective of this study was to assess if a combined treatment with mostly virtual reality-based (in virtuo) exposure increases phobic children's motivation toward therapy compared to children who only receive in vivo exposure. Another objective was the assessment of motivation as a predictor of treatment outcome. Method: Thirty-one DSM-IV-diagnosed arachnophobic participants aged from 8 to 15 years were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment conditions: in vivo exposure alone or in virtuo plus in vivo exposure. Measures of motivation were taken at pretest and at the end of each part of the treatment; some other measures were taken at each session. The "Why Are You in Therapy?" questionnaire for children was the target measure of motivation and the main variable in the study. Outcome measures were taken at pretest, at the end of each part of the treatment, and at the 6-month follow-up. This study was conducted between September 2006 and March 2007. Results: The results showed that children who received in virtuo exposure did not show a higher level of motivation toward their treatment than those who received in vivo exposure, but statistically significant interactions were found for both parts of the treatment. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that motivation was a significant predictor of outcome (P < .01), especially extrinsic integrated motivation. Participants in the combined treatment were significantly more phobic before beginning treatment, but both treatments appeared successful (P < .001). Conclusions: In this study, the use of virtual reality did not increase motivation toward psychotherapy. At the end of the second part of therapy, all participants were comparably efficient in facing a live tarantula. These results bear important clinical implications concerning how to use virtual reality with children and concerning motivation of children toward therapy in general. They are discussed in the light of how to present in virtuo therapy to children. Trial Registration: controlled-trials.com Identifier: ISRCTN87716831. © Copyright 2010 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.},

keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, article, Child, clinical article, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, exposure, female, follow up, human, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Internal-External Control, male, motivation, outcome assessment, phobia, Phobic Disorders, predictor variable, priority journal, psychotherapy, randomized controlled trial, school child, Spiders, Therapy, treatment outcome, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{girard_crushing_2009,

title = {Crushing virtual cigarettes reduces tobacco addiction and treatment discontinuation},

author = {B. Girard and V. Turcotte and S. Bouchard and B. Girard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70350096404&doi=10.1089%2fcpb.2009.0118&partnerID=40&md5=e5ea20a75a7e0112cd9c98666d32d438},

doi = {10.1089/cpb.2009.0118},

issn = {10949313 (ISSN)},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cyberpsychology and Behavior},

volume = {12},

number = {5},

pages = {477–483},

abstract = {Pilot studies revealed promising results regarding crushing virtual cigarettes to reduce tobacco addiction. In this study, 91 regular smokers were randomly assigned to two treatment conditions that differ only by the action performed in the virtual environment: crushing virtual cigarettes or grasping virtual balls. All participants also received minimal psychosocial support from nurses during each of 12 visits to the clinic. An affordable virtual reality system was used (eMagin HMD) with a virtual environment created by modifying a 3D game. Results revealed that crushing virtual cigarettes during 4 weekly sessions led to a statistically significant reduction in nicotine addiction (assessed with the Fagerström test), abstinence rate (confirmed with exhaled carbon monoxide), and drop-out rate from the 12-week psychosocial minimal-support treatment program. Increased retention in the program is discussed as a potential explanation for treatment success, and hypotheses are raised about self-efficacy, motivation, and learning. © Copyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2009.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, aged, analysis of variance, article, behavior therapy, cigarette smoking, Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted, controlled study, female, game, human, Humans, Learning, major clinical study, male, Middle Aged, motivation, Patient Compliance, Pilot Projects, pilot study, psychosocial care, Self Concept, Smoking Cessation, Therapy, tobacco dependence, Tobacco Use Disorder, treatment outcome, treatment withdrawal, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{robillard_anxiety_2003,

title = {Anxiety and Presence during VR Immersion: A Comparative Study of the Reactions of Phobic and Non-phobic Participants in Therapeutic Virtual Environments Derived from Computer Games},

author = {G. Robillard and S. Bouchard and T. Fournier and P. Renaud},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0142063106&doi=10.1089%2f109493103769710497&partnerID=40&md5=0d245828ebefb17548822c4c316f5721},

doi = {10.1089/109493103769710497},

issn = {10949313 (ISSN)},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Cyberpsychology and Behavior},

volume = {6},

number = {5},

pages = {467–476},

abstract = {Virtual reality can be used to provide phobic clients with therapeutic exposure to phobogenic stimuli. However, purpose-built therapeutic VR hardware and software can be expensive and difficult to adapt to individual client needs. In this study, inexpensive and readily adaptable PC computer games were used to provide exposure therapy to 13 phobic participants and 13 non-phobic control participants. It was found that anxiety could be induced in phobic participants by exposing them to phobogenic stimuli in therapeutic virtual environments derived from computer games (TVEDG). Assessments were made of the impact of simulator sickness and of sense of presence on the phobogenic effectiveness of TVEDGs. Participants reported low levels of simulator sickness, and the results indicate that simulator sickness had no significant impact on either anxiety or sense of presence. Group differences, correlations, and regression analyses indicate a synergistic relationship between presence and anxiety. These results do not support Slater's contention that presence and emotion are orthogonal.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Anxiety, article, clinical article, computer, computer program, Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted, controlled study, correlation analysis, Desensitization, emotion, exposure, female, game, human, Humans, male, Matched-Pair Analysis, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, phobia, Phobic Disorders, Psychologic, psychotherapy, Reality Testing, Reference Values, regression analysis, Self Concept, Space Perception, symptom, Therapy, User-Computer Interface, Video Games, virtual reality, visual stimulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{vincelli_virtual_2002,

title = {Virtual reality assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of panic disorders with agoraphobia},

author = {F. Vincelli and H. Choi and E. Molinari and B. K. Wiederhold and S. Bouchard and G. Riva},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-6944229623&doi=10.3233%2f978-1-60750-929-5-552&partnerID=40&md5=607d14f3f5aad82e9c92e73845639d83},

doi = {10.3233/978-1-60750-929-5-552},

issn = {09269630},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Studies in Health Technology and Informatics},

volume = {85},

pages = {552–559},

abstract = {The chapter describes the characteristics of the Experiential-Cognitive Therapy (ECT) protocol for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia. The goal of ECT is to decondition fear reactions, to modify misinterpretational cognition related to panic symptoms and to reduce anxiety symptoms. This is possible in an average of eight sessions of treatment plus an assessment phase and booster sessions, through the integration of Virtual Experience and traditional cognitive-behavioral techniques. We decided to employ the techniques included in the cognitive-behavioral approach because they showed high levels of efficacy. Through virtual environments we can gradually expose the patient to feared situation: virtual reality consent to re-create in our clinical office a real experiential world. The patient faces the feared stimuli in a context that is nearer to reality than imagination. For ECT we developed the Virtual Environments for Panic Disorders-VEPD-virtual reality system. VEPD is a 4-zone virtual environment developed using the Superscape VRT 5.6 toolkit. The four zones reproduce different potentially fearful situations - an elevator, a supermarket, a subway ride, and large square. In each zone the characteristics of the anxiety-related experience are defined by the therapist through a setup menu. © 2002, The authors.},

note = {ISBN: 1586032038; 9781586032036 

Place: Newport Beach, CA 

Publisher: IOS Press},

keywords = {agoraphobia, article, Assessment phase, behavior therapy, Behavioral approaches, cognitive therapy, Cognitive-behavioral therapies, computer assisted therapy, computer interface, Computer-Assisted, Desensitization, Fear, human, Humans, Large squares, outcome assessment, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), panic, Panic Disorder, problem based learning, Problem-Based Learning, Psychologic, Social Environment, Therapy, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality, Virtual reality system},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}