Slide
Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
de Recherche et d’Innovation
en Cybersécurité et Société
1.
Blais, C.; Fiset, D.; Furumoto-Deshaies, H.; Kunz, M.; Seuss, D.; Cormier, S.
Facial Features Underlying the Decoding of Pain Expressions Article de journal
Dans: Journal of Pain, vol. 20, no 6, p. 728–738, 2019, ISSN: 15265900 (ISSN), (Publisher: Churchill Livingstone Inc.).
Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: adult, article, attention, decoding, Eye, Facial Expression, facies, female, human, human experiment, Humans, lip, male, Memory, Nose, Pain, pain assessment, pain dimensions, pain measurement, sensory analysis, wrinkle, Young Adult
@article{blais_facial_2019,
title = {Facial Features Underlying the Decoding of Pain Expressions},
author = {C. Blais and D. Fiset and H. Furumoto-Deshaies and M. Kunz and D. Seuss and S. Cormier},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060707205&doi=10.1016%2fj.jpain.2019.01.002&partnerID=40&md5=2d2dd305de430a7ce8973644f57a4996},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpain.2019.01.002},
issn = {15265900 (ISSN)},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Pain},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {728–738},
abstract = {Previous research has revealed that the face is a finely tuned medium for pain communication. Studies assessing the decoding of facial expressions of pain have revealed an interesting discrepancy, namely that, despite eyes narrowing being the most frequent facial expression accompanying pain, individuals mostly rely on brow lowering and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising to evaluate pain. The present study verifies if this discrepancy may reflect an interaction between the features coding pain expressions and the features used by observers and stored in their mental representations. Experiment 1 shows that more weight is allocated to the brow lowering and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising, supporting the idea that these features are allocated more importance when mental representations of pain expressions are stored in memory. These 2 features have been associated with negative valence and with the affective dimension of pain, whereas the eyes narrowing feature has been associated more closely with the sensory dimension of pain. However, experiment 2 shows that these 2 features remain more salient than eyes narrowing, even when attention is specifically directed toward the sensory dimension of pain. Together, these results suggest that the features most saliently coded in the mental representation of facial expressions of pain may reflect a bias toward allocating more weight to the affective information encoded in the face. Perspective: This work reveals the relative importance of 3 facial features representing the core of pain expressions during pain decoding. The results show that 2 features are over-represented; this finding may potentially be linked with the estimation biases occurring when clinicians and lay persons evaluate pain based on facial appearance. © 2019 the American Pain Society},
note = {Publisher: Churchill Livingstone Inc.},
keywords = {adult, article, attention, decoding, Eye, Facial Expression, facies, female, human, human experiment, Humans, lip, male, Memory, Nose, Pain, pain assessment, pain dimensions, pain measurement, sensory analysis, wrinkle, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Previous research has revealed that the face is a finely tuned medium for pain communication. Studies assessing the decoding of facial expressions of pain have revealed an interesting discrepancy, namely that, despite eyes narrowing being the most frequent facial expression accompanying pain, individuals mostly rely on brow lowering and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising to evaluate pain. The present study verifies if this discrepancy may reflect an interaction between the features coding pain expressions and the features used by observers and stored in their mental representations. Experiment 1 shows that more weight is allocated to the brow lowering and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising, supporting the idea that these features are allocated more importance when mental representations of pain expressions are stored in memory. These 2 features have been associated with negative valence and with the affective dimension of pain, whereas the eyes narrowing feature has been associated more closely with the sensory dimension of pain. However, experiment 2 shows that these 2 features remain more salient than eyes narrowing, even when attention is specifically directed toward the sensory dimension of pain. Together, these results suggest that the features most saliently coded in the mental representation of facial expressions of pain may reflect a bias toward allocating more weight to the affective information encoded in the face. Perspective: This work reveals the relative importance of 3 facial features representing the core of pain expressions during pain decoding. The results show that 2 features are over-represented; this finding may potentially be linked with the estimation biases occurring when clinicians and lay persons evaluate pain based on facial appearance. © 2019 the American Pain Society
2.
Duncan, J.; Dugas, G.; Brisson, B.; Blais, C.; Fiset, D.
Dual-task interference on left eye utilization during facial emotion perception Article de journal
Dans: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol. 45, no 10, p. 1319–1330, 2019, ISSN: 00961523 (ISSN), (Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.).
Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Adolescent, adult, attention, Auditory Perception, Automatic processing, Bubbles, Central attention, emotion, Emotions, Executive Function, Eye, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, female, hearing, human, Humans, male, perception, physiology, Psychological, psychological refractory period, Psychophysics, Refractory Period, Social Perception, Young Adult
@article{duncan_dual-task_2019,
title = {Dual-task interference on left eye utilization during facial emotion perception},
author = {J. Duncan and G. Dugas and B. Brisson and C. Blais and D. Fiset},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068219081&doi=10.1037%2fxhp0000674&partnerID=40&md5=f432c0265348103d6fce87660baa4c18},
doi = {10.1037/xhp0000674},
issn = {00961523 (ISSN)},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},
volume = {45},
number = {10},
pages = {1319–1330},
abstract = {There is an ongoing debate in the literature about whether facial emotion perception is carried automatically- that is, without effort or attentional resources. While it is generally accepted that spatial attention is necessary for the perception of emotional facial expressions, the picture is less clear for central attention. Using the bubbles method, we provide results that were obtained by measuring the effect of the psychological refractory period on diagnostic information for the basic facial expressions. Based on previous findings that linked spatial attention with processing of the eyes and of high spatial frequencies in the visual periphery, we hypothesized that reliance on the eyes might decrease when central resources were monopolized by a difficult prioritized auditory task. Central load led to a marked decrease in left eye utilization that was generalized across emotions; on the contrary, utilization of the mouth was unaffected by central load. Thus, processing of the left eye might be nonautomatic, and processing of the mouth might be automatic. Interestingly, we also observed a reduction in reliance on the left side of the face under central load that was accompanied by a commensurate increase in reliance on the right side of the face. We end with a discussion of how hemispheric asymmetries might account for these peculiar findings. © 2019 American Psychological Association.},
note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.},
keywords = {Adolescent, adult, attention, Auditory Perception, Automatic processing, Bubbles, Central attention, emotion, Emotions, Executive Function, Eye, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, female, hearing, human, Humans, male, perception, physiology, Psychological, psychological refractory period, Psychophysics, Refractory Period, Social Perception, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
There is an ongoing debate in the literature about whether facial emotion perception is carried automatically- that is, without effort or attentional resources. While it is generally accepted that spatial attention is necessary for the perception of emotional facial expressions, the picture is less clear for central attention. Using the bubbles method, we provide results that were obtained by measuring the effect of the psychological refractory period on diagnostic information for the basic facial expressions. Based on previous findings that linked spatial attention with processing of the eyes and of high spatial frequencies in the visual periphery, we hypothesized that reliance on the eyes might decrease when central resources were monopolized by a difficult prioritized auditory task. Central load led to a marked decrease in left eye utilization that was generalized across emotions; on the contrary, utilization of the mouth was unaffected by central load. Thus, processing of the left eye might be nonautomatic, and processing of the mouth might be automatic. Interestingly, we also observed a reduction in reliance on the left side of the face under central load that was accompanied by a commensurate increase in reliance on the right side of the face. We end with a discussion of how hemispheric asymmetries might account for these peculiar findings. © 2019 American Psychological Association.
3.
Royer, J.; Blais, C.; Charbonneau, I.; Déry, K.; Tardif, J.; Duchaine, B.; Gosselin, F.; Fiset, D.
Greater reliance on the eye region predicts better face recognition ability Article de journal
Dans: Cognition, vol. 181, p. 12–20, 2018, ISSN: 00100277, (Publisher: Elsevier B.V.).
Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Adolescent, adult, article, clinical article, extraction, Eye, Facial Recognition, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), visual information, Young Adult
@article{royer_greater_2018,
title = {Greater reliance on the eye region predicts better face recognition ability},
author = {J. Royer and C. Blais and I. Charbonneau and K. Déry and J. Tardif and B. Duchaine and F. Gosselin and D. Fiset},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051252949&doi=10.1016%2fj.cognition.2018.08.004&partnerID=40&md5=e1af5e939ec7381c82ff3d13d1c3cc51},
doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.004},
issn = {00100277},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Cognition},
volume = {181},
pages = {12–20},
abstract = {Interest in using individual differences in face recognition ability to better understand the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms supporting face processing has grown substantially in recent years. The goal of this study was to determine how varying levels of face recognition ability are linked to changes in visual information extraction strategies in an identity recognition task. To address this question, fifty participants completed six tasks measuring face and object processing abilities. Using the Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001), we also measured each individual's use of visual information in face recognition. At the group level, our results replicate previous findings demonstrating the importance of the eye region for face identification. More importantly, we show that face processing ability is related to a systematic increase in the use of the eye area, especially the left eye from the observer's perspective. Indeed, our results suggest that the use of this region accounts for approximately 20% of the variance in face processing ability. These results support the idea that individual differences in face processing are at least partially related to the perceptual extraction strategy used during face identification. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
keywords = {Adolescent, adult, article, clinical article, extraction, Eye, Facial Recognition, female, human, human experiment, Humans, male, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), visual information, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Interest in using individual differences in face recognition ability to better understand the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms supporting face processing has grown substantially in recent years. The goal of this study was to determine how varying levels of face recognition ability are linked to changes in visual information extraction strategies in an identity recognition task. To address this question, fifty participants completed six tasks measuring face and object processing abilities. Using the Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001), we also measured each individual's use of visual information in face recognition. At the group level, our results replicate previous findings demonstrating the importance of the eye region for face identification. More importantly, we show that face processing ability is related to a systematic increase in the use of the eye area, especially the left eye from the observer's perspective. Indeed, our results suggest that the use of this region accounts for approximately 20% of the variance in face processing ability. These results support the idea that individual differences in face processing are at least partially related to the perceptual extraction strategy used during face identification. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
4.
Blais, C.; Fiset, D.; Roy, C.; Régimbald, C. S.; Gosselin, F.
Eye fixation patterns for categorizing static and dynamic facial Expressions Article de journal
Dans: Emotion, vol. 17, no 7, p. 1107–1119, 2017, ISSN: 15283542 (ISSN), (Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.).
Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: adult, anatomy and histology, Bubbles, Dynamic, emotion, Emotions, Eye, eye fixation, Eye movements, eye tracking, Facial Expression, facial expressions, female, Fixation, human, Humans, male, Mouth, Ocular, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, PsycINFO, stimulus, Visual strategies, Young Adult
@article{blais_eye_2017,
title = {Eye fixation patterns for categorizing static and dynamic facial Expressions},
author = {C. Blais and D. Fiset and C. Roy and C. S. Régimbald and F. Gosselin},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016754655&doi=10.1037%2femo0000283&partnerID=40&md5=baecd8d6500d1447d48a399497611ccd},
doi = {10.1037/emo0000283},
issn = {15283542 (ISSN)},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Emotion},
volume = {17},
number = {7},
pages = {1107–1119},
abstract = {Facial expressions of emotion are dynamic in nature, but most studies on the visual strategies underlying the recognition of facial emotions have used static stimuli. The present study directly compared the visual strategies underlying the recognition of static and dynamic facial expressions using eye tracking and the Bubbles technique. The results revealed different eye fixation patterns with the 2 kinds of stimuli, with fewer fixations on the eye and mouth area during the recognition of dynamic than static expressions. However, these differences in eye fixations were not accompanied by any systematic differences in the facial information that was actually processed to recognize the expressions. © 2017 American Psychological Association.},
note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.},
keywords = {adult, anatomy and histology, Bubbles, Dynamic, emotion, Emotions, Eye, eye fixation, Eye movements, eye tracking, Facial Expression, facial expressions, female, Fixation, human, Humans, male, Mouth, Ocular, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, PsycINFO, stimulus, Visual strategies, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Facial expressions of emotion are dynamic in nature, but most studies on the visual strategies underlying the recognition of facial emotions have used static stimuli. The present study directly compared the visual strategies underlying the recognition of static and dynamic facial expressions using eye tracking and the Bubbles technique. The results revealed different eye fixation patterns with the 2 kinds of stimuli, with fewer fixations on the eye and mouth area during the recognition of dynamic than static expressions. However, these differences in eye fixations were not accompanied by any systematic differences in the facial information that was actually processed to recognize the expressions. © 2017 American Psychological Association.
5.
Blais, C.; Roy, C.; Fiset, D.; Arguin, M.; Gosselin, F.
The eyes are not the window to basic emotions Article de journal
Dans: Neuropsychologia, vol. 50, no 12, p. 2830–2838, 2012, ISSN: 00283932.
Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: adult, analytic method, article, association, association cortex, cognition, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), discriminative stimulus, dynamic stimulus, emotion, Emotions, Eye, Facial Expression, female, Fixation, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Mouth, normal human, Ocular, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, static stimulus, task performance, Visual, visual discrimination, visual information, visual memory, visual system function, Young Adult
@article{blais_eyes_2012,
title = {The eyes are not the window to basic emotions},
author = {C. Blais and C. Roy and D. Fiset and M. Arguin and F. Gosselin},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865829171&doi=10.1016%2fj.neuropsychologia.2012.08.010&partnerID=40&md5=8a46d347f96ea9bd94bd161b6f1e8b92},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.010},
issn = {00283932},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {50},
number = {12},
pages = {2830–2838},
abstract = {Facial expressions are one of the most important ways to communicate our emotional state. In popular culture and in the scientific literature on face processing, the eye area is often conceived as a very important - if not the most important - cue for the recognition of facial expressions. In support of this, an underutilization of the eye area is often observed in clinical populations with a deficit in the recognition of facial expressions of emotions. Here, we used the Bubbles technique to verify which facial cue is the most important when it comes to discriminating between eight static and dynamic facial expressions (i.e., six basic emotions, pain and a neutral expression). We found that the mouth area is the most important cue for both static and dynamic facial expressions. We conducted an ideal observer analysis on the static expressions and determined that the mouth area is the most informative. However, we found an underutilization of the eye area by human participants in comparison to the ideal observer. We then demonstrated that the mouth area contains the most discriminative motions across expressions. We propose that the greater utilization of the mouth area by the human participants might come from remnants of the strategy the brain has developed with dynamic stimuli, and/or from a strategy whereby the most informative area is prioritized due to the limited capacity of the visuo-cognitive system. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},
keywords = {adult, analytic method, article, association, association cortex, cognition, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), discriminative stimulus, dynamic stimulus, emotion, Emotions, Eye, Facial Expression, female, Fixation, human, human experiment, Humans, male, Mouth, normal human, Ocular, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, static stimulus, task performance, Visual, visual discrimination, visual information, visual memory, visual system function, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Facial expressions are one of the most important ways to communicate our emotional state. In popular culture and in the scientific literature on face processing, the eye area is often conceived as a very important - if not the most important - cue for the recognition of facial expressions. In support of this, an underutilization of the eye area is often observed in clinical populations with a deficit in the recognition of facial expressions of emotions. Here, we used the Bubbles technique to verify which facial cue is the most important when it comes to discriminating between eight static and dynamic facial expressions (i.e., six basic emotions, pain and a neutral expression). We found that the mouth area is the most important cue for both static and dynamic facial expressions. We conducted an ideal observer analysis on the static expressions and determined that the mouth area is the most informative. However, we found an underutilization of the eye area by human participants in comparison to the ideal observer. We then demonstrated that the mouth area contains the most discriminative motions across expressions. We propose that the greater utilization of the mouth area by the human participants might come from remnants of the strategy the brain has developed with dynamic stimuli, and/or from a strategy whereby the most informative area is prioritized due to the limited capacity of the visuo-cognitive system. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
6.
Blais, C.; Jack, R. E.; Scheepers, C.; Fiset, D.; Caldara, R.
Culture shapes how we look at faces Article de journal
Dans: PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no 8, 2008, ISSN: 19326203 (ISSN).
Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: adult, article, Asian, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Caucasian, Classification, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cultural anthropology, cultural factor, Culture, East Asian, European Continental Ancestry Group, Eye, eye fixation, eye movement, Eye movements, Face, face asymmetry, face recognition, female, Fixation, histology, human, human experiment, Humans, Learning, male, methodology, Mouth, normal human, Nose, observer variation, Ocular, physiology, race difference, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), vision, visual memory, Visual Perception
@article{blais_culture_2008,
title = {Culture shapes how we look at faces},
author = {C. Blais and R. E. Jack and C. Scheepers and D. Fiset and R. Caldara},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51549087752&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0003022&partnerID=40&md5=e75dcf9792dbd03fd1ef5894b81bfc4f},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0003022},
issn = {19326203 (ISSN)},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {3},
number = {8},
abstract = {Background: Face processing, amongst many basic visual skills, is thought to be invariant across all humans. From as early as 1965, studies of eye movements have consistently revealed a systematic triangular sequence of fixations over the eyes and the mouth, suggesting that faces elicit a universal, biologically-determined information extraction pattern. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we monitored the eye movements of Western Caucasian and East Asian observers while they learned, recognized, and categorized by race Western Caucasian and East Asian faces. Western Caucasian observers reproduced a scattered triangular pattern of fixations for faces of both races and across tasks. Contrary to intuition, East Asian observers focused more on the central region of the face. Conclusions/Significance: These results demonstrate that face processing can no longer be considered as arising from a universal series of perceptual events. The strategy employed to extract visual information from faces differs across cultures. © 2008 Blais et al.},
keywords = {adult, article, Asian, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Caucasian, Classification, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cultural anthropology, cultural factor, Culture, East Asian, European Continental Ancestry Group, Eye, eye fixation, eye movement, Eye movements, Face, face asymmetry, face recognition, female, Fixation, histology, human, human experiment, Humans, Learning, male, methodology, Mouth, normal human, Nose, observer variation, Ocular, physiology, race difference, recognition, Recognition (Psychology), vision, visual memory, Visual Perception},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Face processing, amongst many basic visual skills, is thought to be invariant across all humans. From as early as 1965, studies of eye movements have consistently revealed a systematic triangular sequence of fixations over the eyes and the mouth, suggesting that faces elicit a universal, biologically-determined information extraction pattern. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we monitored the eye movements of Western Caucasian and East Asian observers while they learned, recognized, and categorized by race Western Caucasian and East Asian faces. Western Caucasian observers reproduced a scattered triangular pattern of fixations for faces of both races and across tasks. Contrary to intuition, East Asian observers focused more on the central region of the face. Conclusions/Significance: These results demonstrate that face processing can no longer be considered as arising from a universal series of perceptual events. The strategy employed to extract visual information from faces differs across cultures. © 2008 Blais et al.