@article{levesque-lacasse_relationship_2024,

title = {The Relationship Between the Ability to Infer Another's Pain and the Expectations Regarding the Appearance of Pain Facial Expressions: Investigation of the Role of Visual Perception},

author = {A. Lévesque-Lacasse and M. -C. Desjardins and D. Fiset and C. Charbonneau and S. Cormier and C. Blais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171357836&doi=10.1016%2fj.jpain.2023.08.007&partnerID=40&md5=dcfeb2e0eb9f13b42122ddfcbc987fc0},

doi = {10.1016/j.jpain.2023.08.007},

issn = {15265900},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Pain},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {250–264},

abstract = {Although pain is a commonly experienced and observed affective state, it is frequently misinterpreted, which leads to inadequate caregiving. Studies show the ability at estimating pain in others (estimation bias) and detecting its subtle variations (sensitivity) could emerge from independent mechanisms. While estimation bias is modulated by variables such as empathy level, pain catastrophizing tendency, and overexposure to pain, sensitivity remains unimpacted. The present study verifies if these 2 types of inaccuracies are partly explained by perceptual factors. Using reverse correlation, we measured their association with participants' mental representation of pain, or more simply put, with their expectations of what the face of a person in pain should look like. Experiment 1 shows that both parameters are associated with variations in expectations of this expression. More specifically, the estimation bias is linked with expectations characterized by salient changes in the middle face region, whereas sensitivity is associated with salient changes in the eyebrow region. Experiment 2 reveals that bias and sensitivity yield differences in emotional representations. Expectations of individuals with a lower underestimation tendency are qualitatively rated as expressing more pain and sadness, and those of individuals with a higher level of sensitivity as expressing more pain, anger, and disgust. Together, these results provide evidence for a perceptual contribution in pain inferencing that is independent of other psychosocial variables and its link to observers’ expectations. Perspective: This article reinforces the contribution of perceptual mechanisms in pain assessment. Moreover, strategies aimed to improve the reliability of individuals’ expectations regarding the appearance of facial expressions of pain could potentially be developed, and contribute to decrease inaccuracies found in pain assessment and the confusion between pain and other affective states. © 2023 United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc.},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {anger, article, chronic pain, disgust, emotion, Emotions, Empathy, Estimation bias, expectation, eyebrow, Facial Expression, Facial expressions of pain, human, Humans, mental representation, Mental representations, motivation, Pain, pain assessment, psychology, questionnaire, reliability, reproducibility, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse correlation, sadness, sensitivity, vision, Visual Perception},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{berube_parental_2024,

title = {Parental depression moderates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the recognition of children expressions of emotions},

author = {A. Bérubé and R. Pétrin and C. Blais},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85196266525&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyt.2024.1374872&partnerID=40&md5=ce03a1c39e709fc0f2c773d4f82f3a10},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1374872},

issn = {16640640 (ISSN)},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {15},

abstract = {Background: Sensitivity plays a crucial role in parenting as it involves the ability to perceive and respond appropriately to children’s signals. Childhood maltreatment and depression can negatively impact adults’ ability to recognize emotions, but it is unclear which of these factors has a greater impact or how they interact. This knowledge is central to developing efficient, targeted interventions. This paper examines the interaction between parents’ depressive symptoms and childhood maltreatment and its influence on their ability to recognize the five basic emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust) in children’s faces. Method: The sample consisted of 52 parents. Depressive symptoms were measured by the depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), and maltreatment history was assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Children’s emotional stimuli were morphed images created using The Child Affective Facial Expression (CAFE) database. Results: Our findings indicate that depressive symptoms moderate the relationship between parents’ history of childhood maltreatment and emotion recognition skills. Parents with higher depressive symptoms had lower emotion recognition accuracy when they had not experienced maltreatment. When childhood maltreatment was severe, emotion recognition skills were more consistent across all levels of depression. The relationship between depression and emotion recognition was primarily linked to recognizing sadness in children’s faces. Conclusion: These findings highlight how different experiences can affect parental abilities in emotion recognition and emphasize the need for interventions tailored to individual profiles to improve their effectiveness. Copyright © 2024 Bérubé, Pétrin and Blais.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media SA},

keywords = {adult, anger, article, Beck Depression Inventory, Child, Child Abuse, child parent relation, childhood maltreatment, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Depression, disease severity, disgust, educational status, emotion, Emotion Recognition, Facial Expression, female, happiness, human, income, major clinical study, male, parent-child relationship, parental sensitivity, preschool child, questionnaire, recognition, sadness},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{berube_emotion_2023,

title = {Emotion Recognition in Adults With a History of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review},

author = {A. Bérubé and J. Turgeon and C. Blais and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85109658115&doi=10.1177%2f15248380211029403&partnerID=40&md5=5654c858d5c0c84bfdd832a4c04dd1d5},

doi = {10.1177/15248380211029403},

issn = {15248380 (ISSN)},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Trauma, Violence, and Abuse},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {278–294},

abstract = {Child maltreatment has many well-documented lasting effects on children. Among its consequences, it affects children’s recognition of emotions. More and more studies are recognizing the lasting effect that a history of maltreatment can have on emotion recognition. A systematic literature review was conducted to better understand this relationship. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was used and four databases were searched, MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and FRANCIS, using three cross-referenced key words: child abuse, emotion recognition, and adults. The search process identified 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The review highlights the wide variety of measures used to assess child maltreatment as well as the different protocols used to measure emotion recognition. The results indicate that adults with a history of childhood maltreatment show a differentiated reaction to happiness, anger, and fear. Happiness is less detected, whereas negative emotions are recognized more rapidly and at a lower intensity compared to adults not exposed to such traumatic events. Emotion recognition is also related to greater brain activation for the maltreated group. However, the results are less consistent for adults who also have a diagnosis of mental health problems. The systematic review found that maltreatment affects the perception of emotions expressed on both adult and child faces. However, more research is needed to better understand how a history of maltreatment is related to adults’ perception of children’s emotions. © The Author(s) 2021.},

note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},

keywords = {adult, anger, Child, Child Abuse, childhood maltreatment, cycle of maltreatment, emotion, Emotion Recognition, Emotions, Facial Expression, Fear, human, Humans, perception, physiology, psychology, systematic review},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{turgeon_recognition_2020,

title = {Recognition of children's emotional facial expressions among mothers reporting a history of childhood maltreatment},

author = {J. Turgeon and A. Berube and C. Blais and A. Lemieux and A. Fournier},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098916379&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0243083&partnerID=40&md5=2ef477465c0ad75d67b7f13d05f783b2},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0243083},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {15},

number = {12 December},

abstract = {Several studies have shown that child maltreatment is associated with both positive and negative effects on the recognition of facial emotions. Research has provided little evidence of a relation between maltreatment during childhood and young adults' ability to recognize facial displays of emotion in children, an essential skill for a sensitive parental response. In this study, we examined the consequences of different forms of maltreatment experienced in childhood on emotion recognition during parenthood. Participants included sixty-three mothers of children aged 2 to 5 years. Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment were assessed using the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Emotion recognition was measured using a morphed facial emotion identification task of all six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). A Path Analysis via Structural Equation Model revealed that a history of physical abuse is related to a decreased ability to recognize both fear and sadness in children, whereas emotional abuse and sexual abuse are related to a decreased ability to recognize anger in children. In addition, emotional neglect is associated with an increased ability to recognize anger, whereas physical neglect is associated with less accuracy in recognizing happiness in children's facial emotional expressions. These findings have important clinical implications and expand current understanding of the consequences of childhood maltreatment on parents' ability to detect children's needs. © 2020 Turgeon et al.},

note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},

keywords = {adult, Adverse Childhood Experiences, anger, article, Child, Child Abuse, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, disgust, emotion, emotional neglect, Emotions, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, Fear, female, happiness, human, Humans, major clinical study, male, mother, Mothers, parenthood, path analysis, physical abuse, Preschool, preschool child, psychology, recognition, Retrospective Studies, retrospective study, sadness, self report, sexual abuse, structural equation modeling, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{roy_efficient_2015,

title = {Efficient information for recognizing pain in facial expressions},

author = {C. Roy and C. Blais and D. Fiset and P. Rainville and F. Gosselin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929122739&doi=10.1002%2fejp.676&partnerID=40&md5=027f6da7b6d5c98c86de6a07766fb83d},

doi = {10.1002/ejp.676},

issn = {10903801 (ISSN)},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom)},

volume = {19},

number = {6},

pages = {852–860},

abstract = {Background The face as a visual stimulus is a reliable source of information for judging the pain experienced by others. Until now, most studies investigating the facial expression of pain have used a descriptive method (i.e. Facial Action Coding System). However, the facial features that are relevant for the observer in the identification of the expression of pain remain largely unknown despite the strong medical impact that misjudging pain can have on patients' well-being. Methods Here, we investigated this question by applying the Bubbles method. Fifty healthy volunteers were asked to categorize facial expressions (the six basic emotions, pain and neutrality) displayed in stimuli obtained from a previously validated set and presented for 500 ms each. To determine the critical areas of the face used in this categorization task, the faces were partly masked based on random sampling of regions of the stimuli at different spatial frequency ranges. Results Results show that accurate pain discrimination relies mostly on the frown lines and the mouth. Finally, an ideal observer analysis indicated that the use of the frown lines in human observers could not be attributed to the objective 'informativeness' of this area. Conclusions Based on a recent study suggesting that this area codes for the affective dimension of pain, we propose that the visual system has evolved to focus primarily on the facial cues that signal the aversiveness of pain, consistent with the social role of facial expressions in the communication of potential threats. © 2015 European Pain Federation-EFIC®.},

keywords = {anger, article, association, Classification, Cues, disgust, emotion, Emotions, Facial Expression, Fear, female, happiness, human, human experiment, Humans, male, nociception, normal human, Pain, pain assessment, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, photostimulation, physiology, priority journal, procedures, random sample, reproducibility, Reproducibility of Results, sadness, statistical significance, Visual, visual information, visual stimulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{joyal_virtual_2014,

title = {Virtual faces expressing emotions: An initial concomitant and construct validity study},

author = {C. C. Joyal and L. Jacob and M. -H. Cigna and J. -P. Guay and P. Renaud},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84933679803&doi=10.3389%2ffnhum.2014.00787&partnerID=40&md5=c51b26765fb1e2152cede99adcd519b0},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2014.00787},

issn = {16625161},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {8},

number = {SEP},

pages = {1–6},

abstract = {Objectives: The goal of this study was to initially assess concomitants and construct validity of a newly developed set of virtual faces expressing six fundamental emotions (happiness, surprise, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust). Recognition rates, facial electromyography (zygomatic major and corrugator supercilii muscles), and regional gaze fixation latencies (eyes and mouth regions) were compared in 41 adult volunteers (20 ♂, 21 ♀) during the presentation of video clips depicting real vs. virtual adults expressing emotions. Background: Facial expressions of emotions represent classic stimuli for the studyofsocial cognition. Developing virtual dynamic facial expressions ofemotions, however, would open-up possibilities, both for fundamental and clinical research. For instance, virtual faces allow real-time Human–Computer retroactions between physiological measures and the virtual agent. Results: Emotions expressed by each set of stimuli were similarly recognized, both by men and women. Accordingly, both sets of stimuli elicited similar activation of facial muscles and similar ocular fixation times in eye regions from man and woman participants. Conclusion: Further validation studies can be performed with these virtual faces among clinical populations known to present social cognition difficulties. Brain–Computer Interface studies with feedback–feedforward interactions based on facial emotion expressions can also be conducted with these stimuli. © 2014 Joyal, Jacob, Cigna, Guay and Renaud.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media S. A.},

keywords = {adult, anger, article, computer program, construct validity, corrugator supercilii muscle, disgust, Electromyography, emotion, emotionality, face muscle, Facial Expression, Fear, female, gaze, happiness, human, human experiment, male, Middle Aged, muscle contraction, normal human, positive feedback, sadness, surprise, task performance, virtual reality, Young Adult, zygomatic major muscle},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}