@article{corno_exploring_2025,

title = {Exploring Virtual Reality for Body Image Assessment and Psychological Interventions in Individuals With Obesity: a Comprehensive Review},

author = {G. Corno and Á. Zamora and S. Bouchard and R. Baños and A. Baillot and J. Monthuy-Blanc},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105024457568&doi=10.1111%2Fobr.70051&partnerID=40&md5=a4e0c666994e96bea80ac58862a14e09},

doi = {10.1111/obr.70051},

issn = {14677881 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Obesity Reviews},

abstract = {Introduction: Individuals living with obesity often experience body image (BI) disturbances, which can negatively affect their quality of life and treatment outcomes. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing psychological interventions, but no comprehensive review has specifically focused on VR-based studies addressing BI disturbances in this population. Methods: This comprehensive review examined studies utilizing VR for the assessment and treatment of BI disturbances in individuals with obesity. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Studies were categorized into three groups: (i) VR in psychological interventions for individuals with obesity, (ii) VR interventions following metabolic and bariatric surgery, and (iii) VR-based full-body illusion experiments. The primary clinical application was experiential cognitive therapy, which demonstrated greater efficacy in reducing negative BI compared with standard cognitive behavioral therapy and other treatments. Studies involving post-metabolic and bariatric surgery adults also supported VR's efficacy in reducing BI dissatisfaction, though long-term benefits were inconsistent. Full-body illusion experiments suggested that VR can help modify distorted body perceptions. However, most studies were conducted by the same research group, focused exclusively on women, and were limited to specific geographical regions, primarily Italy. Conclusion: While preliminary results suggest that VR is a promising tool for treating BI disturbances in individuals with obesity, the field remains under-researched. Notably, no studies have explored VR's potential as an assessment tool in this population. Future studies should include more diverse populations, investigate long-term outcomes, and explore potential barriers to clinical implementation. © 2025 The Author(s). Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of World Obesity Federation.},

keywords = {body image, body image disturbances, obesity, review, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jeanningros_exposure-based_2025,

title = {Exposure-Based Intervention in Virtual Reality to Address Kinesiophobia in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review},

author = {A. Jeanningros and S. Bouchard and A. Potvin-Desrochers},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105025999269&doi=10.3390%2Fjcm14248837&partnerID=40&md5=9c874cbaf8739d404c31fff42aca15db},

doi = {10.3390/jcm14248837},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {14},

number = {24},

abstract = {Background/Objectives: Physical activity alleviates symptoms and may slow Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression, yet many individuals with PD remain sedentary. Kinesiophobia, the fear of movement, may represent a significant but underexplored psychological barrier to physical activity in this population. Virtual reality (VR), already effective in phobias, may represent a promising approach to address this challenge. This review initially aimed to systematically examine exposure-based interventions in VR (E-IVR) directly targeting kinesiophobia in PD. Methods: Database searches using keywords such as “kinesiophobia,” “fear of movement,” and “VR” combined with “PD” yielded no eligible studies. Consequently, the scope was broadened to include populations with neurological or musculoskeletal conditions, and a narrative review format was adopted to synthesize the available evidence. Furthermore, relevant studies of interventions in VR applied in PD, although not specifically addressing kinesiophobia, are detailed to provide evidence of efficacy and feasibility of VR interventions in PD. Finally, directions are offered to support the creation of E-IVR targeting kinesiophobia in individuals with PD. Results: Meta-analyses in neurological and musculoskeletal populations demonstrate moderate to large reductions in kinesiophobia following VR interventions, although effects vary depending on assessment tools, degree of immersion, and exposure design. In PD, VR has been applied to rehabilitation, anxiety reduction, and quality of life enhancement. These interventions achieved high adherence (≥90%), were well tolerated, and reported no major adverse events. Conclusions: Kinesiophobia is prevalent in PD and could contribute to physical inactivity. E-IVR appears feasible, safe, and innovative for addressing kinesiophobia in people living with PD. © 2025 by the authors.},

keywords = {avoidance behavior, chronic pain, Depression, disease exacerbation, exposure-based intervention, human, in vivo study, kinesiophobia, low back pain, Medline, musculoskeletal pain, outcome expectation, Parkinson disease, Parkinson’s disease, physical activity, quality of life, rehabilitation care, review, Scopus, Self Concept, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{savard_efficacy_2021,

title = {Efficacy of a stepped care approach to deliver cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in cancer patients: A noninferiority randomized controlled trial},

author = {J. Savard and H. Ivers and M. -H. Savard and C. M. Morin and A. Caplette-Gingras and S. Bouchard and G. Lacroix},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121217599&doi=10.1093%2fsleep%2fzsab166&partnerID=40&md5=8c3390082d345b725c47465f96bb8e44},

doi = {10.1093/sleep/zsab166},

issn = {01618105 (ISSN)},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Sleep},

volume = {44},

number = {11},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Study Objectives: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first-line treatment for cancer-related insomnia, but its accessibility is very limited in routine care. A stepped care approach has been recommended as a cost-effective way to make CBT-I more widely accessible. However, no controlled study has yet been published about the efficacy of this approach. The goal of this noninferiority randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to compare the short and long-term efficacy of a stepped care CBT-I (StepCBT-I) to a standard face-to-face CBT-I (StanCBT-I). Methods: A total of 177 cancer patients were randomized to: (1) StanCBT-I (6 face-to-face CBT-I sessions; n = 59) or (2) StepCBT-I (n = 118). In the StepCBT-I group, patients with less severe insomnia first received a web-based CBT-I (n = 65), while those with more severe insomnia received 6 face-to-face CBT-I sessions (n = 53). In both cases, patients could receive up to three booster sessions of CBT-I if they still had insomnia symptoms following this first step. Results: Results indicated that the Step-CBT-I group showed an Insomnia Severity Index score reduction and a sleep efficiency (on a sleep diary) increase that was not significantly inferior to that of StanCBT-I at all post-treatment time points. Analyses of secondary outcomes indicated significant time effects (ps <. 001) and no significant group-by-time interactions (ps from. 07 to. 91) on other sleep diary parameters, sleep medication use, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and quality of life scores. Conclusion(s): The efficacy of stepped care CBT-I is not inferior to that of a standard face-to-face intervention and is a valuable approach to making this treatment more widely accessible to cancer patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01864720 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01864720?term=Savard&draw=2&rank=6; Stepped Care Model for the Wider Dissemination of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia Among Cancer Patients). © 2021 Sleep Research Society 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society.},

note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, cancer, cancer diagnosis, cancer patient, cognitive behavioral therapy, Cognitive-behavioral therapy, comparative study, complication, controlled study, cost effectiveness analysis, Depression, disease severity, drug use, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30, fatigue, female, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, human, Humans, insomnia, Insomnia Severity Index, long term care, major clinical study, male, malignant neoplasm, Middle Aged, Montreal cognitive assessment, neoplasm, Neoplasms, outcome assessment, procedures, psychotropic agent, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, remission, review, Self Care, short course therapy, sleep, sleep efficiency, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, sleep pattern, stepped care, stepped care approach, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, therapy effect, treatment outcome, web-based intervention},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ansado_how_2021,

title = {How brain imaging provides predictive biomarkers for therapeutic success in the context of virtual reality cognitive training},

author = {J. Ansado and C. Chasen and S. Bouchard and G. Northoff},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089070480&doi=10.1016%2fj.neubiorev.2020.05.018&partnerID=40&md5=8e5ea676958e050b32a893830dbc2a93},

doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.018},

issn = {01497634},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews},

volume = {120},

pages = {583–594},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {As Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used in neurological disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, or attention deficit disorder, the question of how it impacts the brain's neuronal activity and function becomes essential. VR can be combined with neuroimaging to offer invaluable insight into how the targeted brain areas respond to stimulation during neurorehabilitation training. That, in turn, could eventually serve as a predictive marker for therapeutic success. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified neuronal activity related to blood flow to reveal with a high spatial resolution how activation patterns change, and restructuring occurs after VR training. Portable and quiet, electroencephalography (EEG) conveniently allows the clinician to track spontaneous electrical brain activity in high temporal resolution. Then, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combines the spatial precision level of fMRIs with the portability and high temporal resolution of EEG to constitute an ideal measuring tool in virtual environments (VEs). This narrative review explores the role of VR and concurrent neuroimaging in cognitive rehabilitation. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {accuracy, attention deficit disorder, biological monitoring, brain depth stimulation, brain electrophysiology, brain radiography, brain region, cell function, cerebrovascular accident, clinician, cognition, Cognitive rehabilitation, disease marker, electroencephalogram, Electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, human, image quality, in vivo study, nerve cell, neuroimaging, neurologic disease, neuropsychological test, neuropsychology, neurorehabilitation, nonhuman, prediction, priority journal, review, therapy effect, training, traumatic brain injury, virtual reality, virtual reality cognitive training},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nolet_adoption_2020,

title = {The Adoption of New Treatment Modalities by Health Professionals and the Relative Weight of Empirical Evidence in Favor of Virtual Reality Exposure Versus Mindfulness in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders},

author = {K. Nolet and G. Corno and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083108852&doi=10.3389%2ffnhum.2020.00086&partnerID=40&md5=e72f1ece3a23c5283e1c9cc954c090bb},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2020.00086},

issn = {16625161},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {14},

publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},

abstract = {Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental disorders, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure exercises is considered as the gold-standard psychological intervention. New psychotherapeutic modalities have emerged in the last decade and, among them, mindfulness has been rapidly adopted by therapists. The adoption rate is slower for the use of virtual reality (VR) to conduct exposure. The goal of the present position paper is to contrast, for the treatment of anxiety disorders, the weight of empirical evidences supporting the use of exposure in VR with the use of mindfulness-based therapy (MBT). Based on the most recent meta-analyses, we found that CBT with exposure conducted in VR was more thoroughly researched and supported than MBT, receiving validation from roughly twice as many studies with high control (i.e., randomized, active controls with clinical samples). However, this conclusion is nuanced by reviewing gaps in the literature for both therapies. Potential factors influencing clinicians’ choice of treatment and suggestions for future research directions are proposed. © Copyright © 2020 Nolet, Corno and Bouchard.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.},

keywords = {Anxiety disorder, clinical decision making, cognitive behavioral therapy, comparative effectiveness, controlled study, evidence based medicine, human, intermethod comparison, mental health care personnel, mindfulness, randomized controlled trial (topic), review, therapy effect, validation study, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{maiano_prevalence_2018,

title = {Prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among youth with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis},

author = {C. Maïano and S. Coutu and D. Tracey and S. Bouchard and G. Lepage and A. J. S. Morin and G. Moullec},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046664327&doi=10.1016%2fj.jad.2018.04.029&partnerID=40&md5=504c552402432a5b6443d07f63170403},

doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.029},

issn = {01650327},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Affective Disorders},

volume = {236},

pages = {230–242},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Background: The purpose of this meta-analytic study was to determine the pooled prevalence estimates of anxiety and depressive disorders among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) and to assess the extent to which these pooled prevalence rates differed according to studies’ characteristics. Method: A systematic literature search was performed in nine databases and 21 studies, published between 1975 and 2015, met the inclusion criteria. Results: The resulting pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety and depressive disorders were respectively (a) 5.4% and 2.8% across samples; (b) 1.2% and 0.03% among children; and (c) 7.9% and 1.4% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates for specific subtypes of anxiety disorders ranged from (a) 0.2% to 11.5% across samples; (b) 0.7% to 17.6% among children; and (c) 0.6% to 19.8% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates of dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder were respectively (a) 3.4% and 2.5% across samples; (b) 2.1% and 3.2% among children; and (c) 6.9% and 5.7% among adolescents. Finally, subgroup analyses showed significant variations in the pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder; and combined subtypes of depressive disorders. Limitations: The present findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution given several limitations related to the characteristics of the populations, diagnostic method and sampling method. Conclusion: Findings provide recommendations for future studies investigating psychological disorders among youth with ID, as well as how clinicians and policy makers can improve diagnostic practices and support for youth with ID. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adolescent disease, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Child, childhood disease, Depression, Depressive Disorder, dysthymia, Dysthymic Disorder, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, Humans, infant, Intellectual Disability, intellectual impairment, Major, major depression, male, meta analysis, Newborn, obsessive compulsive disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Preschool, preschool child, Prevalence, priority journal, psychology, review, systematic review, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chretien_cognitive_2017,

title = {Cognitive restructuring of gambling-related thoughts: A systematic review},

author = {M. Chrétien and I. Giroux and A. Goulet and C. Jacques and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024477584&doi=10.1016%2fj.addbeh.2017.07.001&partnerID=40&md5=77a066c286d78d0e401757c44a13b9af},

doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.001},

issn = {03064603 (ISSN)},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Addictive Behaviors},

volume = {75},

pages = {108–121},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Gamblers' thoughts have a fundamental influence on their gambling problem. Cognitive restructuring is the intervention of choice to correct those thoughts. However, certain difficulties are noted in the application of cognitive restructuring techniques and the comprehension of their guidelines. Furthermore, the increase of skill game players (e.g. poker) entering treatment creates a challenge for therapists, as these gamblers present with different thoughts than those of the gamblers usually encountered in treatment (e.g. chance-only games like electronic gambling machines). This systematic review aims to describe how cognitive restructuring is carried out with gamblers based on the evidence available in empirical studies that include cognitive interventions for gambling. Of the 2607 studies collected, 39 were retained. The results highlight exposure as the most frequently used technique to facilitate identification of gambling-related thoughts (imaginal = 28.2%; in vivo = 10.3%). More than half of the studies (69.2%) clearly reported therapeutic techniques aimed to correct gamblers' thoughts, of which 37% involved visual support to challenge those thoughts (e.g. ABC log). Of the 39 studies retained, 48.7% included skill game players (i.e., poker, blackjack, sports betting) in their sample. However, none of these studies mentioned whether cognitive restructuring had been adapted for these gamblers. Several terms referring to gamblers' thoughts were used interchangeably (e.g. erroneous, dysfunctional or inadequate thoughts), although each of these terms could refer to specific content. Clinical implications of the results are discussed with regard to the needs of therapists. This review also suggests recommendations for future research. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {behavior change, cognition, Cognitive distortions, cognitive restructuring, Cognitive techniques, cognitive therapy, Cognitive-behavioral treatment, empiricism, Gambling, Gambling treatment, human, Humans, methodology, nomenclature, pathological gambling, procedures, psychology, review, sport, systematic review, Therapy, Thinking},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{baillot_what_2017,

title = {What Is Known About the Correlates and Impact of Excess Skin After Bariatric Surgery: a Scoping Review},

author = {A. Baillot and E. Brais-Dussault and A. Bastin and C. Cyr and J. Brunet and A. Aimé and A. J. Romain and M. -F. Langlois and S. Bouchard and A. Tchernof and R. Rabasa-Lhoret and P. -Y. Garneau and P. Bernard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021844825&doi=10.1007%2fs11695-017-2814-3&partnerID=40&md5=abf65e67a5551255bb543a6ff1678b32},

doi = {10.1007/s11695-017-2814-3},

issn = {09608923},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Obesity Surgery},

volume = {27},

number = {9},

pages = {2488–2498},

publisher = {Springer New York LLC},

abstract = {Although bariatric surgery (BS) improves health among adults with severe obesity, it results in excess skin in more than 70% of adults. The purpose of this study was to synthesize current knowledge on (1) the impact of excess skin experienced by adults after BS and (2) the correlates of excess skin quantity and inconveniences. PubMed, PsyArticles, and CINAHL databases were searched in May 2016 for relevant studies. Titles, abstracts, and full texts of studies retrieved were screened independently by two reviewers against inclusion criteria: (1) peer-reviewed primary research studies, (2) samples with adults who underwent BS, and (3) studies reporting the impact of excess skin and/or excess skin correlates. Thirteen quantitative and eleven qualitative studies met inclusion criteria. Negative physical, psychosocial, and daily life impacts of excess skin were reported in 67, 75, and 83% of studies, respectively. Women reported more excess skin and greater inconveniences of excess skin than did men. Based on the quantitative studies, pre-BS BMI, time since BS, and type of BS were not significantly associated with inconveniences of excess skin; findings were inconclusive for other correlates found (e.g. age, weight loss, BMI). Excess skin may adversely impact adults’ physical and psychosocial functioning, as well as their activities of daily life after BS. However, evidence is lacking to determine which adults may be at heightened risk of developing or being negatively impacted by excess skin. More research on correlates of excess skill is needed to inform the development of tailored interventions in those more vulnerable to developing excess skin after BS to mitigate adverse consequences. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},

note = {Publisher: Springer New York LLC},

keywords = {Bariatric Surgery, body image, body mass, Dermatologic Surgical Procedures, excess skin, human, Humans, Morbid, morbid obesity, obesity, pathology, pathophysiology, postoperative complication, priority journal, psychology, review, Skin, skin disease, skin disease assessment, skin surgery, social psychology, weight reduction},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{grenier_using_2015,

title = {Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: Preliminary recommendations for future research},

author = {S. Grenier and H. Forget and S. Bouchard and S. Isere and S. Belleville and O. Potvin and M. -È. Rioux and M. Talbot and N. A. Pachana and R. C. Oude Voshaar},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931830085&doi=10.1017%2fS1041610214002300&partnerID=40&md5=6a937a7a7f13fca31c84fc7859b365d0},

doi = {10.1017/S1041610214002300},

issn = {10416102},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Psychogeriatrics},

volume = {27},

number = {7},

pages = {1217–1225},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using traditional exposure techniques (i.e. imaginal and in vivo) seems less effective to treat anxiety in older adults than in younger ones. This is particularly true when imaginal exposure is used to confront the older patient to inaccessible (e.g. fear of flying) or less tangible/controllable anxiety triggers (e.g. fear of illness). Indeed, imaginal exposure may become less effective as the person gets older since normal aging is characterized by the decline in cognitive functions involved in the creation of vivid/detailed mental images. One way to circumvent this difficulty is to expose the older patient to a virtual environment that does not require the ability to imagine the frightening situation. In virtuo exposure has proven to be efficient to treat anxiety in working-age people. In virtuo exposure could be employed to improve the efficacy of CBT with exposure sessions in the treatment of late-life anxiety? The current paper explores this question and suggests new research avenues. Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2014.},

note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},

keywords = {adult, aged, aging, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, clinical effectiveness, cognition, cognitive defect, cognitive therapy, Depression, disease association, exposure, Fear, generalized anxiety disorder, gerontopsychiatry, human, Humans, late life anxiety disorder, panic, patient counseling, posttraumatic stress disorder, procedures, psychology, randomized controlled trial (topic), relaxation training, Research, review, Social Support, treatment outcome, trends, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{katzman_canadian_2014,

title = {Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders},

author = {M. A. Katzman and P. Bleau and P. Blier and P. Chokka and K. Kjernisted and M. Van Ameringen and M. M. Antony and S. Bouchard and A. Brunet and M. Flament and K. Rabheru and S. Grigoriadis and P. M. A. Richter and S. Mendlowitz and K. O'Connor and M. Robichaud and J. R. Walker and G. Asmundson and L. R. Klassen and R. W. Lam and R. S. McIntyre and I. Szpindel},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903778611&doi=10.1186%2f1471-244X-14-S1-S1&partnerID=40&md5=4787fc6f97c204c1428770a5e4a57a00},

doi = {10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1},

issn = {1471244X (ISSN)},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {BMC Psychiatry},

volume = {14},

number = {SUPPL.1},

publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},

abstract = {Background: Anxiety and related disorders are among the most common mental disorders, with lifetime prevalence reportedly as high as 31%. Unfortunately, anxiety disorders are under-diagnosed and under-treated.Methods: These guidelines were developed by Canadian experts in anxiety and related disorders through a consensus process. Data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment (psychological and pharmacological) were obtained through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and manual searches (1980-2012). Treatment strategies were rated on strength of evidence, and a clinical recommendation for each intervention was made, based on global impression of efficacy, effectiveness, and side effects, using a modified version of the periodic health examination guidelines.Results: These guidelines are presented in 10 sections, including an introduction, principles of diagnosis and management, six sections (Sections 3 through 8) on the specific anxiety-related disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder), and two additional sections on special populations (children/adolescents, pregnant/lactating women, and the elderly) and clinical issues in patients with comorbid conditions.Conclusions: Anxiety and related disorders are very common in clinical practice, and frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and medical conditions. Optimal management requires a good understanding of the efficacy and side effect profiles of pharmacological and psychological treatments. © 2014 Katzman et al.},

note = {Publisher: BioMed Central Ltd.},

keywords = {agoraphobia, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, benzodiazepine derivative, buspirone, Canada, clinical trial, clomipramine, comorbidity, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, fluvoxamine maleate, GAD, generalized anxiety disorder, guidelines, human, Humans, obsessive compulsive disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD, panic, Panic Disorder, paroxetine, periodic medical examination, pharmacotherapy, Post-Traumatic, posttraumatic stress disorder, practice guideline, Practice Guidelines as Topic, psychotherapy, PTSD, recommendations, review, sertraline, social anxiety disorder, social phobia, special populations, Specific phobia, Stress Disorders, venlafaxine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}