@article{bouchard_arguing_2021,

title = {Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality},

author = {S. Bouchard and M. Berthiaume and G. Robillard and H. Forget and C. Daudelin-Peltier and P. Renaud and C. Blais and D. Fiset},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119514106&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyt.2021.739742&partnerID=40&md5=83c5198937636133854ac31ad7f749a5},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2021.739742},

issn = {16640640 (ISSN)},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {12},

abstract = {Two issues are increasingly of interest in the scientific literature regarding unwanted virtual reality (VR) induced side effects: (1) whether the latent structure of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) is comprised of two or three factors, and (2) if the SSQ measures symptoms of anxiety that can be misattributed to unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in VR. Study 1 was conducted with a sample of 876 participants. A confirmatory factor analysis clearly supported a two-factor model composed of nausea and oculomotor symptoms instead of the 3-factor structure observed in simulators. To tease-out symptoms of anxiety from unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in VR, Study 2 was conducted with 88 participants who were administered the Trier Stress Social Test in groups without being immersed in VR. A Spearman correlation showed that 11 out of 16 side effects correlated significantly with anxiety. A factor analysis revealed that items measuring general discomfort, difficulty concentrating, sweating, nausea, and vertigo loaded significantly on the anxiety factor comprised of items from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Finally, a multiple regression indicated that the items measuring general discomfort and difficulty concentrating significantly predicted increases in anxiety. The overall results support the notion that side effects associated with immersions in VR consist mostly of a nausea and an oculomotor latent structure and that a few items are confounding anxiety and cybersickness. The data support the suggestion to revise the scoring procedures of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire when using this instrument with immersions in VR. Copyright © 2021 Bouchard, Berthiaume, Robillard, Forget, Daudelin-Peltier, Renaud, Blais and Fiset.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, article, attention disturbance, blurred vision, confounding variable, controlled study, correlational study, cybersickness, disease association, dizziness, eye movement disorder, fatigue, female, headache, human, hypersalivation, immersion, major clinical study, male, nausea, scoring system, simulator sickness, Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, stomach disease, sweat gland disease, sweating, Trier Stress Social Test, vertigo, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fernandez-alvarez_deterioration_2019,

title = {Deterioration rates in Virtual Reality Therapy: An individual patient data level meta-analysis},

author = {J. Fernández-Álvarez and A. Rozental and P. Carlbring and D. Colombo and G. Riva and P. L. Anderson and R. M. Baños and A. A. Benbow and S. Bouchard and J. M. Bretón-López and G. Cárdenas and J. Difede and P. Emmelkamp and A. García-Palacios and V. Guillén and H. Hoffman and I. Kampann and R. Moldovan and A. Mühlberger and M. North and P. Pauli and W. Peñate Castro and S. Quero and M. Tortella-Feliu and K. Wyka and C. Botella},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050381788&doi=10.1016%2fj.janxdis.2018.06.005&partnerID=40&md5=012fdcaa9b8676314cbf22c52c91135b},

doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.005},

issn = {08876185 (ISSN)},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Anxiety Disorders},

volume = {61},

pages = {3–17},

abstract = {Ample evidence supports the use of Virtual Reality (VR) for anxiety disorders. Nonetheless, currently there is no evidence about moderators or potential negative effects of VR treatment strategies. An Individual Patient Data (IPD) approach was employed with 15 retrieved datasets. The current study sample was composed of 810 patients. Randomized control trials (RCTs) for each primary outcome measure were performed, in addition to moderator analyses of the socio-demographic variables. Deterioration rates were 14 patients (4.0%) in VR, 8 (2.8%) in active control conditions, and 27 (15%) in the WL condition. With regard to receiving treatment, patients in a waiting list control condition had greater odds of deteriorating than in the two active conditions, odds ratios (ORs) 4.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.05, 0.67]. In the case of the socio-demographic variables, none of them were associated with higher or lower odds of deterioration, with the exception of marital status in the WL condition; married people presented a significantly lower probability of deterioration, OR 0.19, 95% CI [0.05, 0.67]. Finally, when comparing pooled effects of VR versus all control conditions, the OR was 0.61 (95% CI 0.31–1.23) in favor of VR, although this result was not statistically significant. This study provides evidence about the deterioration rates of a therapeutic VR approach, showing that the number of deteriorated patients coincides with other therapeutic approaches, and that deterioration is less likely to occur, compared to patients in WL control groups. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, aged, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, article, demography, deterioration, Deterioration rates, disease association, female, human, Humans, Individual patient data analysis, male, marriage, meta analysis, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, outcome assessment, Probability, psychology, randomized controlled trial (topic), social status, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{grenier_using_2015,

title = {Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: Preliminary recommendations for future research},

author = {S. Grenier and H. Forget and S. Bouchard and S. Isere and S. Belleville and O. Potvin and M. -È. Rioux and M. Talbot and N. A. Pachana and R. C. Oude Voshaar},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931830085&doi=10.1017%2fS1041610214002300&partnerID=40&md5=6a937a7a7f13fca31c84fc7859b365d0},

doi = {10.1017/S1041610214002300},

issn = {10416102},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Psychogeriatrics},

volume = {27},

number = {7},

pages = {1217–1225},

abstract = {Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using traditional exposure techniques (i.e. imaginal and in vivo) seems less effective to treat anxiety in older adults than in younger ones. This is particularly true when imaginal exposure is used to confront the older patient to inaccessible (e.g. fear of flying) or less tangible/controllable anxiety triggers (e.g. fear of illness). Indeed, imaginal exposure may become less effective as the person gets older since normal aging is characterized by the decline in cognitive functions involved in the creation of vivid/detailed mental images. One way to circumvent this difficulty is to expose the older patient to a virtual environment that does not require the ability to imagine the frightening situation. In virtuo exposure has proven to be efficient to treat anxiety in working-age people. In virtuo exposure could be employed to improve the efficacy of CBT with exposure sessions in the treatment of late-life anxiety? The current paper explores this question and suggests new research avenues. Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2014.},

note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},

keywords = {adult, aged, aging, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, clinical effectiveness, cognition, cognitive defect, cognitive therapy, Depression, disease association, exposure, Fear, generalized anxiety disorder, gerontopsychiatry, human, Humans, late life anxiety disorder, panic, patient counseling, posttraumatic stress disorder, procedures, psychology, randomized controlled trial (topic), relaxation training, Research, review, Social Support, treatment outcome, trends, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{dugas_cognitive_2009,

title = {Cognitive behavioural therapy and applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder: A time series analysis of change in worry and somatic anxiety},

author = {M. J. Dugas and K. Francis and S. Bouchard},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61549090786&doi=10.1080%2f16506070802473221&partnerID=40&md5=78e775f09aa9806132cd1335ffef92b6},

doi = {10.1080/16506070802473221},

issn = {16512316 (ISSN)},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Behaviour Therapy},

volume = {38},

number = {1},

pages = {29–41},

abstract = {The present study examined symptom change profiles in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) receiving either cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or applied relaxation (AR). It was hypothesized that (a) changes in worry would uniquely predict changes in somatic anxiety for most participants receiving CBT and (b) changes in somatic anxiety would uniquely predict changes in worry for most participants in the AR condition. Twenty participants (CBT n = 10; AR n = 10) completed daily ratings of worry and somatic anxiety during therapy, and multivariate time series analysis was used to assess the causal impact of each variable on the other. The hypotheses were not supported because we found no evidence of a match between individual symptom change profiles and treatment condition. Rather, a bidirectional relationship between worry and somatic anxiety was observed in 80% of participants receiving CBT and 70% of participants receiving AR. When only treatment responders were considered, 83% of participants receiving CBT and 86% of those receiving AR had such a bidirectional effect. The findings are discussed in terms of models of psychopathology that posit dynamic interactions between symptom clusters and in terms of the value of examining treatment mechanisms at the individual level.},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety Disorders, article, clinical article, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, disease association, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, Humans, male, mental stress, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, psychoanalysis, Psychometrics, randomized controlled trial, Relaxation Therapy, relaxation training, Single-case designs, somatoform disorder, Somatoform Disorders, Symptom change profiles, symptomatology, time series analysis, Treatment mechanisms, treatment outcome, treatment response},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{savard_combination_1998,

title = {Combination of fluoxetine and cognitive therapy for the treatment of major depression among people with HIV infection: A time-series analysis investigation},

author = {J. Savard and B. Laberge and J. G. Gauthier and J. -P. Founder and S. Bouchard and J. -G. Baril and M. G. Bergeron},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031957952&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1018759802082&partnerID=40&md5=bf7c480d95e52b00202cfcb1f34af74f},

doi = {10.1023/A:1018759802082},

issn = {01475916 (ISSN)},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Therapy and Research},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {21–46},

abstract = {The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combined treatment of fluoxetine and cognitive therapy for the treatment of major depression in HIV-infected patients. Six HIV-seropositive patients with major depression participated in this study using a multiple-baseline experimental design with follow-up and direct replications. Results of time-series intervention analyses suggest that the combination of fluoxetine and cognitive therapy can provide an effective treatment for major depression in HIV illness that may be more effective than fluoxetine alone. However, relapse rates and follow-up results raise some concerns about the long-term efficacy of the combined treatment as administered in this study. Cooccurence of a personality disorder is suggested as an explanatory hypothesis.},

note = {Publisher: Springer New York LLC},

keywords = {adult, AIDS, alcoholism, article, clinical article, clinical trial, clonazepam, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, demography, Depression, disease association, drug efficacy, female, fluoxetine, HIV, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, male, patient attitude, personality disorder, relapse, Treatment, treatment outcome},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{maziade_negative_1995,

title = {Negative, psychoticism, and disorganized dimensions in patients with familial schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: Continuity and discontinuity between the major psychoses},

author = {M. Maziade and M. -A. Roy and M. Martinez and D. Cliche and J. -P. Fournier and Y. Garneau and L. Nicole and N. Montgrain and C. Dion and A. -M. Ponton and A. Potvin and J. -C. Lavallée and A. Pirès and S. Bouchard and P. Boutin and F. Brisebois and C. Mérette},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029096330&doi=10.1176%2fajp.152.10.1458&partnerID=40&md5=6fa581c2751f28442a0b6823a5669e91},

doi = {10.1176/ajp.152.10.1458},

issn = {0002953X},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-01-01},

journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},

volume = {152},

number = {10},

pages = {1458–1463},

abstract = {Objective: This study aimed to answer the following questions: 1) Can we reliably measure the psychopathologic dimensions of schizophrenia by using a lifetime frame and by rating acute and interepisode periods separately? 2) Can we reproduce in subjects with familial schizophrenia the characteristic three-factor structure of schizophrenic symptoms that has been found previously ill general groups of schizophrenic patients? 3) Is the factor structure also present in familial bipolar disorder? Method: Lifetime measures of psychotic symptoms were taken through a slightly modified version of the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History for 138 patients with highly familial DSM-III-R schizophrenia (N=51), bipolar disorder (N=44), or spectrum disorders (N=43). Symptoms were rated separately in the acute episodes and in the stabilized interepisode intervals across the patients' lives. Results: A satisfactory level of reliability was obtained. In this highly familial study group, the positive/negative factorial distinction was replicated, as was a three-factor model similar to that observed in prior general groups of schizophrenic patients. These factors were also present in bipolar affective disorder. The negative, psychoticism, and disorganized factor model applied more to the acute phase of illness than to the stabilized state. Conclusions: These findings offer an empirical basis for testing biological or genetic variables in relation to negative/positive symptom dimensions, rather than diagnoses. Observations of a shared structure for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder suggest some continuity in the causes of these disorders.},

note = {Publisher: American Psychiatric Association},

keywords = {article, clinical feature, disease association, disease predisposition, genetic variability, human, major clinical study, manic depressive psychosis, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, psychosis, rating scale, reliability, schizophrenia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}