@article{dugas_behavioral_2022,

title = {Behavioral Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Randomized Clinical Trial for Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder},

author = {M. J. Dugas and K. A. Sexton and E. A. Hebert and S. Bouchard and J. -P. Gouin and R. Shafran},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133178888&doi=10.1016%2fj.beth.2022.05.003&partnerID=40&md5=4dd15547cbef29c5f1adc84169176c53},

doi = {10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.003},

issn = {00057894 (ISSN)},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Behavior Therapy},

volume = {53},

number = {6},

pages = {1147–1160},

abstract = {Sophisticated multicomponent treatments for adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have been developed over the past three decades. Although these comprehensive treatments have produced encouraging results, they appear to be less efficacious than treatments for other anxiety disorders. The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to test a newly developed, highly focused treatment for adults with GAD: Behavioral Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty. Sixty (60) participants (51 women, 9 men), with a mean age of 34.60 years (range: 19 to 67 years), were randomized to either treatment (n = 30) or wait-list control (n = 30). Treatment consisted of 12 weekly 1-hour sessions in which participants learned to use behavioral experiments to test their catastrophic beliefs about uncertainty. Assessments were conducted at pre-, mid- and postcondition, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome was the severity of GAD, and secondary outcomes were worry, depression, somatic anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty. Using growth curve modeling, we found that (1) the treatment group was superior to the wait-list group in terms of change from pre- to posttest on all outcomes; (2) the combined sample (once wait-listed participants received treatment) evidenced large and significant decreases on all outcomes; and (3) treatment gains were either maintained or increased over the 12-month follow-up period of the study. The new treatment is a promising treatment option for adults with GAD considering that it may be as efficacious as more comprehensive evidence-based psychological treatments for GAD. © 2022},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier Inc.},

keywords = {adult, aged, antidepressant agent, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, anxiolytic agent, article, behavior assessment, behavioral experiments, benzodiazepine, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive vulnerability, Cognitive-behavioral treatment, confusion (uncertainty), controlled study, dependent variable, Depression, disease severity, female, follow up, generalized anxiety disorder, growth curve, human, Humans, intolerance of uncertainty, major clinical study, male, mental disease, outcome assessment, patient worry, procedures, psychology, randomized controlled trial, uncertainty},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bouchard_multisite_2022,

title = {A Multisite Non-Inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Delivered by Videoconference},

author = {S. Bouchard and M. J. Dugas and G. Belleville and F. Langlois and P. Gosselin and G. Robillard and G. Corno and A. Marchand},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139777758&doi=10.3390%2fjcm11195924&partnerID=40&md5=52cbc697b3a9705b2f7fb87b7bfdc3eb},

doi = {10.3390/jcm11195924},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {11},

number = {19},

abstract = {Delivering psychotherapy by videoconference has been studied in a number of clinical trials, but no large controlled trial has involved generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This multicenter randomized controlled non-inferiority trial was conducted to test if cognitive-behavior psychotherapy delivered by videoconference (VCP) is as effective as cognitive-behavior psychotherapy delivered face-to-face, using a strict margin of tolerance for non-inferiority. A total of 148 adults received a 15-session weekly manualized program. The treatment was based on the intolerance of uncertainty model of GAD. The impact of treatment was assessed using primary (GAD severity), secondary (worry, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty) and tertiary (general functioning) variables measured before and after treatment and at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups. Results showed that: (a) the treatment was effective; (b) VCP for GAD was statistically non-inferior to face-to-face psychotherapy on primary, secondary and tertiary measures at all assessment points; (c) change in intolerance of uncertainty significantly predicted change in the primary outcome measure over and above important clinical factors common to all psychotherapies (motivation, working alliance, perceived therapist competence, and client satisfaction). These findings support the use of VCP as a promising treatment option for adults with GAD. Clinical trial registry: ISRCTN#12662027. © 2022 by the authors.},

note = {Publisher: MDPI},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety, article, Beck Depression Inventory, cognitive behavioral therapy, Cognitive-behavior therapy, competence, controlled study, female, follow up, generalized anxiety disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, human, Likert scale, major clinical study, male, motivation, multicenter study, non-inferiority, patient worry, penn state worry questionnaire, predictors of outcome, psychotherapist, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, treatment outcome, videoconferencing, videoconferencing psychotherapy, World Health Organization},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{marcotte-beaumier_role_2021,

title = {The role of intolerance of uncertainty and working alliance in the outcome of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder delivered by videoconference: Mediation analysis},

author = {G. Marcotte-Beaumier and S. Bouchard and P. Gosselin and F. Langlois and G. Belleville and A. Marchand and M. J. Dugas},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103169307&doi=10.2196%2f24541&partnerID=40&md5=6d4abe613d27257552970428c3a84bb4},

doi = {10.2196/24541},

issn = {23687959},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {JMIR Mental Health},

volume = {8},

number = {3},

abstract = {Background: Previous meta-analyses have shown a significant relationship between working alliance and treatment outcome in general. Some studies have examined the relationship between working alliance and treatment outcome during telepsychotherapy, but to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined the mediating role of individual components of the working alliance. Objective: As part of a clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) delivered by videoconference (VC), the aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationship between the components of the working alliance and treatment outcome. Methods: A sample of 46 adults with primary GAD received 15 sessions of CBT for GAD delivered over VC. Participants completed the measure of working alliance immediately after the fifth therapy session. The degree of change in intolerance of uncertainty (a key psychological process) was assessed from pre- to posttreatment. Treatment outcome was assessed via changes in GAD symptoms from pretreatment to the 6-month follow-up. Results: The results revealed that the therapeutic bond did not predict treatment outcome (r=-0.23; P=.12). However, agreement on therapeutic goals and tasks did predict treatment outcome (r=-0.42; P=.004 and r=-0.37; P=.01, respectively). In addition, the relationship between consensus on therapeutic tasks and treatment outcome was completely mediated by changes in intolerance of uncertainty (unstandardized β=-0.03; r2=0.12), whereas consensus relative to treatment goals had a direct impact on treatment outcome. Conclusions: These results provide a better understanding of the differential role of the components of the working alliance in telepsychotherapy as a facilitative factor for changes in key cognitive processes, leading to therapeutic change. © 2021 JMIR Publications Inc. All Rights Reserved.},

note = {Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.},

keywords = {adult, article, clinical article, cognitive behavioral therapy, consensus, controlled study, female, follow up, generalized anxiety disorder, human, male, mediation analysis, outcome assessment, randomized controlled trial, telehealth, therapeutic alliance, treatment outcome, uncertainty, videoconferencing},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{watts_telepsychotherapy_2020,

title = {Telepsychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Impact on the working alliance},

author = {S. Watts and A. Marchand and S. Bouchard and P. Gosselin and F. Langlois and G. Belleville and M. J. Dugas},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087016174&doi=10.1037%2fint0000223&partnerID=40&md5=3f8935382982d2893538d6837ebcbf1d},

doi = {10.1037/int0000223},

issn = {10530479},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psychotherapy Integration},

volume = {30},

number = {2},

pages = {208–225},

abstract = {Telepsychotherapy represents a promising solution to problems pertaining to specialized mental health services accessibility, including when delivering psychotherapy to people who do not have access to care due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The quality of the working alliance established in such a therapeutic context remains often questioned. Moreover, no study has comparatively examined the evolution of the alliance over telepsychotherapy and conventional, face-to-face, psychotherapy. This study assesses the impact of cognitive- behavioral therapy administered via telepsychotherapy or face-to-face on the quality of the working alliance. One hundred and 15 participants suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) took part in this randomized controlled trial, 50 of whom were assigned to telepsychotherapy in videoconference and 65 of whom were assigned to conventional psychotherapy. Each client and their psychotherapist completed the Working Alliance Inventory every 2 sessions. In the current sample, telepsychotherapy did not interfere with the establishment of the working alliance over the course of the treatment for GAD. On the contrary, clients showed a stronger working alliance in telepsychotherapy delivered in videoconference than in conventional psychotherapy. Clients seemed to be more comfortable with telepsychotherapy than psychotherapists. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2020 American Psychological Association.},

note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association Inc.},

keywords = {adult, Anxiety disorder, article, cognitive behavioral therapy, controlled study, employment status, female, generalized anxiety disorder, health care quality, human, major clinical study, male, mood disorder, psychoeducation, psychotherapist, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, symptom, Telemedicine, therapeutic alliance, videoconferencing},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{guitard_exposure_2019,

title = {Exposure to a standardized catastrophic scenario in virtual reality or a personalized scenario in imagination for Generalized Anxiety Disorder},

author = {T. Guitard and S. Bouchard and C. Bélanger and M. Berthiaume},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073896961&doi=10.3390%2fjcm8030309&partnerID=40&md5=b80f2e6602416c35dd8e36fd8b19c803},

doi = {10.3390/jcm8030309},

issn = {20770383 (ISSN)},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},

volume = {8},

number = {3},

abstract = {The cognitive behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often involves exposing patients to a catastrophic scenario depicting their most feared worry. The aim of this study was to examine whether a standardized scenario recreated in virtual reality (VR) would elicit anxiety and negative affect and how it compared to the traditional method of imagining a personalized catastrophic scenario. A sample of 28 participants were first exposed to a neutral non-catastrophic scenario and then to a personalized scenario in imagination or a standardized virtual scenario presented in a counterbalanced order. The participants completed questionnaires before and after each immersion. The results suggest that the standardized virtual scenario induced significant anxiety. No difference was found when comparing exposure to the standardized scenario in VR and exposure to the personalized scenario in imagination. These findings were specific to anxiety and not to the broader measure of negative affect. Individual differences in susceptibility to feel present in VR was a significant predictor of increase in anxiety and negative affect. Future research could use these scenarios to conduct a randomized control trial to test the efficacy and cost/benefits of using VR in the treatment of GAD. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {Publisher: MDPI},

keywords = {adult, anxiety assessment, article, avoidance behavior, clinical article, cognitive avoidance questionnaire, cognitive behavioral therapy, Cognitive exposure, disease severity, DSM-IV, Exposure in virtual reality, fatigue, female, gatineau presence questionnaire, generalized anxiety disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), human, human experiment, imagination, immersive tendencies questionnaire, Likert scale, male, Middle Aged, mini international neuropsychiatric interview, penn state worry questionnaire, Personalized scenario, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Presence Questionnaire, psychotherapy, questionnaire, Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, Standardized scenario, task performance, test retest reliability, time series analysis, virtual reality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{maiano_prevalence_2018,

title = {Prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among youth with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis},

author = {C. Maïano and S. Coutu and D. Tracey and S. Bouchard and G. Lepage and A. J. S. Morin and G. Moullec},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046664327&doi=10.1016%2fj.jad.2018.04.029&partnerID=40&md5=504c552402432a5b6443d07f63170403},

doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.029},

issn = {01650327},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Affective Disorders},

volume = {236},

pages = {230–242},

abstract = {Background: The purpose of this meta-analytic study was to determine the pooled prevalence estimates of anxiety and depressive disorders among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) and to assess the extent to which these pooled prevalence rates differed according to studies’ characteristics. Method: A systematic literature search was performed in nine databases and 21 studies, published between 1975 and 2015, met the inclusion criteria. Results: The resulting pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety and depressive disorders were respectively (a) 5.4% and 2.8% across samples; (b) 1.2% and 0.03% among children; and (c) 7.9% and 1.4% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates for specific subtypes of anxiety disorders ranged from (a) 0.2% to 11.5% across samples; (b) 0.7% to 17.6% among children; and (c) 0.6% to 19.8% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates of dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder were respectively (a) 3.4% and 2.5% across samples; (b) 2.1% and 3.2% among children; and (c) 6.9% and 5.7% among adolescents. Finally, subgroup analyses showed significant variations in the pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder; and combined subtypes of depressive disorders. Limitations: The present findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution given several limitations related to the characteristics of the populations, diagnostic method and sampling method. Conclusion: Findings provide recommendations for future studies investigating psychological disorders among youth with ID, as well as how clinicians and policy makers can improve diagnostic practices and support for youth with ID. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adolescent disease, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Child, childhood disease, Depression, Depressive Disorder, dysthymia, Dysthymic Disorder, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, Humans, infant, Intellectual Disability, intellectual impairment, Major, major depression, male, meta analysis, Newborn, obsessive compulsive disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Preschool, preschool child, Prevalence, priority journal, psychology, review, systematic review, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ikic_reduction_2017,

title = {Reduction in costs after treating comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder},

author = {V. Ikic and C. Bélanger and S. Bouchard and P. Gosselin and F. Langlois and J. Labrecque and M. J. Dugas and A. Marchand},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018690998&partnerID=40&md5=0d0600e6dd4e2a381f733ac063d639dc},

issn = {10914358},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {11–20},

abstract = {Background: Panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are impairing and costly disorders that are often misdiagnosed and left untreated despite multiple consultations. These disorders frequently co-occur, but little is known about the costs associated with their comorbidity and the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on cost reduction. Aims of the Study: The first objective of this study was to assess the mental health-related costs associated with the specific concomitance of PDA and GAD. The second aim was to determine whether there is a reduction in direct and indirect mental healthrelated costs following conventional CBT for the primary disorder only (PDA or GAD) or combined CBT adapted to the comorbidity (PDA and GAD). Methods: A total of 123 participants with a double diagnosis of PDA and GAD participated in this study. Direct and indirect mental health-related costs were assessed and calculated from a societal perspective at the pre-Test, the post-Test, and the three-month, sixmonth and one-year follow-ups. Results: At the pre-Test, PDA-GAD comorbidity was found to generate a mean total cost of CAD2,000.48 (SD = 2,069.62) per participant over a three-month period. The indirect costs were much higher than the direct costs. Both treatment modalities led to significant and similar decreases in all cost categories from the pretest to the post-Test. This reduction was maintained until the oneyear follow-up. Discussion: Methodological choices may have underestimated cost evaluations. Nonetheless, this study supports the cost offset effects of both conventional CBT for primary PDA or GAD and combined CBT for PDA-GAD comorbidity. Implications for Healthcare Provision and Use: Treatment of comorbid and costly disorders with evidence-based treatments such as CBT may lead to considerable economic benefits for society. Implications for Health Policies: Considering the limited resources of healthcare systems, it is important to make choices that will lead to better accessibility of quality services. The application of CBT for PDA, GAD or both disorders and training mental health professionals in this therapeutic approach should be encouraged. Additionally, it would be favorable for insurance plans to reimburse employees for expenses associated with psychological treatment for anxiety disorders. Implications for Further Research: In addition to symptom reduction, it would be of great pertinence to explore which factors can contribute to reducing direct and indirect mental health-related costs. © 2017 ICMPE.},

note = {Publisher: ICMPE},

keywords = {adult, agoraphobia, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, article, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, controlled study, dysthymia, economics, female, follow up, generalized anxiety disorder, health care cost, Health Care Costs, human, Humans, major clinical study, major depression, male, Mental health, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, Panic Disorder, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, procedures, Quebec, social phobia, statistics and numerical data},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{cousineau_insomnia_2016,

title = {Insomnia symptoms following treatment for comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder},

author = {H. Cousineau and A. Marchand and S. Bouchard and C. Bélanger and P. Gosselin and F. Langlois and J. Labrecque and M. J. Dugas and G. Belleville},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962128029&doi=10.1097%2fNMD.0000000000000466&partnerID=40&md5=2ca2dd82c29553bd7377ba64dd5522cc},

doi = {10.1097/NMD.0000000000000466},

issn = {00223018},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease},

volume = {204},

number = {4},

pages = {267–273},

abstract = {Patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) frequently also suffer from insomnia. However, the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders on insomnia has been understudied. Furthermore, comorbidity between anxiety disorders is common. Our main objective was to assess the impact of CBT for PDA or GAD on insomnia. In a quasi-experimental design, 86 participants with PDA and GAD received conventional CBT for their primary disorder or combined CBT for both disorders. Overall, CBTs had a significant impact on reducing insomnia symptoms (η2 = 0.58). However, among people with insomnia at pretest (67%), 33% still had an insomnia diagnosis, and the majority (63%) had clinically significant residual insomnia following treatment. In conclusion, the CBTs had a positive effect on the reduction of insomnia, but a significant proportion of participants still had insomnia problems following treatment. Clinicians should address insomnia during CBT for PDA and GAD. Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.},

note = {Publisher: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins},

keywords = {adult, agoraphobia, antidepressant agent, Anxiety Disorders, anxiolytic agent, article, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, cohort analysis, Cohort Studies, Combined Modality Therapy, comorbidity, comparative study, controlled study, Depression, disease severity, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, Humans, hypnotic agent, insomnia, major clinical study, male, Middle Aged, multicenter study, multimodality cancer therapy, nocturnal panic attack, panic, Panic Disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, patient worry, procedures, psychoeducation, psychology, psychotropic agent, Psychotropic Drugs, quasi experimental study, Quebec, randomized controlled trial, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, statistical significance, treatment outcome, wakefulness, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{laforest_effectiveness_2016,

title = {Effectiveness of in virtuo exposure and response prevention treatment using cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A study based on a single-case study protocol},

author = {M. Laforest and S. Bouchard and J. Bossé and O. Mesly},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84977551825&doi=10.3389%2ffpsyt.2016.00099&partnerID=40&md5=8aaf926230112d06a0c1e629e49b51c6},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00099},

issn = {16640640 (ISSN)},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {7},

number = {JUN},

abstract = {Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of distressing, recurrent and intrusive thoughts, impulses, or doubts as well as behavioral or mental rituals. OCD has various subtypes, including the fear of contamination in which individuals fear bacteria, germs, disease, or bodily secretions, and engage in clinically significant cleaning and avoidance rituals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for OCD and involves, among other therapeutic strategies, exposing patients to feared stimuli while preventing them to engage in compulsive behaviors. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has shown the potential of in virtuo exposure with people suffering from anxiety disorders and OCD. The objective of this pilotstudy is to examine the effectiveness of a CBT program where exposure in conducted in virtuo. Three adults suffering from OCD with a dominant subtype of contamination were enrolled in a single-case design with multiple baselines across participants. The presence and intensity of obsessions and compulsions were assessed daily during baselines of 3-, 4-, or 5-week, and a 12-session treatment. Follow-up information was gathered after 4 and 8 months. Treatment outcome is assessed with visual inspection of the graphs and ARMA time-series analyses. Clinical information, self-reports, and details of the treatment are provided for each patient. Statistical analyses for the time-series data revealed a statistically significant improvement in all three participants, but global improvement is considered positive for only two. This study innovates in proving preliminary support for the usefulness of VR in the CBT of OCD with contamination features. © 2016 Laforest, Bouchard, Bossé and Mesly.},

note = {Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation},

keywords = {adult, aged, article, CBT, clinical effectiveness, cognitive behavioral therapy, disease severity, exposure, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, hypnosis, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, pilot study, psychologic assessment, Response prevention, self report, treatment duration, treatment outcome, treatment response, virtual reality, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{grenier_using_2015,

title = {Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: Preliminary recommendations for future research},

author = {S. Grenier and H. Forget and S. Bouchard and S. Isere and S. Belleville and O. Potvin and M. -È. Rioux and M. Talbot and N. A. Pachana and R. C. Oude Voshaar},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931830085&doi=10.1017%2fS1041610214002300&partnerID=40&md5=6a937a7a7f13fca31c84fc7859b365d0},

doi = {10.1017/S1041610214002300},

issn = {10416102},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Psychogeriatrics},

volume = {27},

number = {7},

pages = {1217–1225},

abstract = {Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using traditional exposure techniques (i.e. imaginal and in vivo) seems less effective to treat anxiety in older adults than in younger ones. This is particularly true when imaginal exposure is used to confront the older patient to inaccessible (e.g. fear of flying) or less tangible/controllable anxiety triggers (e.g. fear of illness). Indeed, imaginal exposure may become less effective as the person gets older since normal aging is characterized by the decline in cognitive functions involved in the creation of vivid/detailed mental images. One way to circumvent this difficulty is to expose the older patient to a virtual environment that does not require the ability to imagine the frightening situation. In virtuo exposure has proven to be efficient to treat anxiety in working-age people. In virtuo exposure could be employed to improve the efficacy of CBT with exposure sessions in the treatment of late-life anxiety? The current paper explores this question and suggests new research avenues. Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2014.},

note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},

keywords = {adult, aged, aging, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, Anxiety Disorders, clinical effectiveness, cognition, cognitive defect, cognitive therapy, Depression, disease association, exposure, Fear, generalized anxiety disorder, gerontopsychiatry, human, Humans, late life anxiety disorder, panic, patient counseling, posttraumatic stress disorder, procedures, psychology, randomized controlled trial (topic), relaxation training, Research, review, Social Support, treatment outcome, trends, virtual reality, virtual reality exposure therapy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}