@article{robillard_anxiety_2003,

title = {Anxiety and Presence during VR Immersion: A Comparative Study of the Reactions of Phobic and Non-phobic Participants in Therapeutic Virtual Environments Derived from Computer Games},

author = {G. Robillard and S. Bouchard and T. Fournier and P. Renaud},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0142063106&doi=10.1089%2f109493103769710497&partnerID=40&md5=0d245828ebefb17548822c4c316f5721},

doi = {10.1089/109493103769710497},

issn = {10949313 (ISSN)},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Cyberpsychology and Behavior},

volume = {6},

number = {5},

pages = {467–476},

abstract = {Virtual reality can be used to provide phobic clients with therapeutic exposure to phobogenic stimuli. However, purpose-built therapeutic VR hardware and software can be expensive and difficult to adapt to individual client needs. In this study, inexpensive and readily adaptable PC computer games were used to provide exposure therapy to 13 phobic participants and 13 non-phobic control participants. It was found that anxiety could be induced in phobic participants by exposing them to phobogenic stimuli in therapeutic virtual environments derived from computer games (TVEDG). Assessments were made of the impact of simulator sickness and of sense of presence on the phobogenic effectiveness of TVEDGs. Participants reported low levels of simulator sickness, and the results indicate that simulator sickness had no significant impact on either anxiety or sense of presence. Group differences, correlations, and regression analyses indicate a synergistic relationship between presence and anxiety. These results do not support Slater's contention that presence and emotion are orthogonal.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Anxiety, article, clinical article, computer, computer program, Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted, controlled study, correlation analysis, Desensitization, emotion, exposure, female, game, human, Humans, male, Matched-Pair Analysis, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, phobia, Phobic Disorders, Psychologic, psychotherapy, Reality Testing, Reference Values, regression analysis, Self Concept, Space Perception, symptom, Therapy, User-Computer Interface, Video Games, virtual reality, visual stimulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{vincelli_virtual_2002,

title = {Virtual reality assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of panic disorders with agoraphobia},

author = {F. Vincelli and H. Choi and E. Molinari and B. K. Wiederhold and S. Bouchard and G. Riva},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-6944229623&doi=10.3233%2f978-1-60750-929-5-552&partnerID=40&md5=607d14f3f5aad82e9c92e73845639d83},

doi = {10.3233/978-1-60750-929-5-552},

issn = {09269630},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Studies in Health Technology and Informatics},

volume = {85},

pages = {552–559},

abstract = {The chapter describes the characteristics of the Experiential-Cognitive Therapy (ECT) protocol for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia. The goal of ECT is to decondition fear reactions, to modify misinterpretational cognition related to panic symptoms and to reduce anxiety symptoms. This is possible in an average of eight sessions of treatment plus an assessment phase and booster sessions, through the integration of Virtual Experience and traditional cognitive-behavioral techniques. We decided to employ the techniques included in the cognitive-behavioral approach because they showed high levels of efficacy. Through virtual environments we can gradually expose the patient to feared situation: virtual reality consent to re-create in our clinical office a real experiential world. The patient faces the feared stimuli in a context that is nearer to reality than imagination. For ECT we developed the Virtual Environments for Panic Disorders-VEPD-virtual reality system. VEPD is a 4-zone virtual environment developed using the Superscape VRT 5.6 toolkit. The four zones reproduce different potentially fearful situations - an elevator, a supermarket, a subway ride, and large square. In each zone the characteristics of the anxiety-related experience are defined by the therapist through a setup menu. © 2002, The authors.},

note = {ISBN: 1586032038; 9781586032036 

Place: Newport Beach, CA 

Publisher: IOS Press},

keywords = {agoraphobia, article, Assessment phase, behavior therapy, Behavioral approaches, cognitive therapy, Cognitive-behavioral therapies, computer assisted therapy, computer interface, Computer-Assisted, Desensitization, Fear, human, Humans, Large squares, outcome assessment, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), panic, Panic Disorder, problem based learning, Problem-Based Learning, Psychologic, Social Environment, Therapy, User-Computer Interface, virtual reality, Virtual reality system},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}